36
S. Takaichi
the products of carotenoids can be predicted. The presence or absence of genes or
carotenogenic pathways can also be predicted. This is a new approach.
Note that not all homologous genes of base sequence demonstrate the same functions; CrtI, CrtH, CrtO, and CrtD exhibit relatively homologous base sequences but
different functions. Some cyanobacterial homologous genes of lycopene cyclases
have not yet had their functions confirmed (see Sect. 3.2). However, finding unknown
enzymes using this method is impossible.
References
Armstrong, G. A. (1997). Genetics of eubacterial carotenoid biosynthesis: a colorful tale. Annual
Review of Microbiology, 51, 629–659.
Baroli, I., Do, A. D., Yamane, T., & Niyogi, K. K. (2003). Zeaxanthin accumulation in the absence of
a functional xanthophyll cycle protects Chlomydomonas reinhardtii from photooxidative stress.
Plant Cell, 15, 992–1008.
Bertrand, M. (2010). Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms. Photosynthesis Research, 106, 89–102.
Bjørnland, T., & Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1989). Distribution patterns of carotenoids in relation to chromophyte phylogeny and systematics. In J. C. Green, B. S. C. Leadbeater, & W. I. Diver (Eds.),
The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives (pp. 37–60). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Bradbury, L. M. T., Shumskaya, M., Tzfadia, O., Wu, S. B., Kennkelly, E. J., & Wurtzel, E. T.
(2012). Lycopene cyclase paralog CruP protects against reactive oxygen species in oxygenic
photosynthetic organisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America, E1888–E1897.
Breitenbach, J., Fernández-González, B., Vioque, A., & Sandmann, G. (1998). A higher-plant type
ζ-carotene desaturase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. Plant Molecular Biology,
36, 725–732.
Breitenbach, J., Vioque, A., & Sandmann, G. (2001). Gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 encodes
a carotene isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of all-E lycopene. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
C. 56, 915–917.
Britton, G. (1998). Overview of carotenoid biosynthesis. In G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen, & H.
Pfander (Eds.), Carotenoids: biosynthesis and metabolism (Vol. 3, pp. 13–147). Birkhäuser:
Basel, Switzerland.
Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S., & Pfander, H. (2004). Carotenoids Handbook. Birkhäuser: Basel,
Switzerland.
Buchecker, R., & Noack, K. (1995). Circular dichroism. In G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen, & H.
Pfander (Eds.), Carotenoids: spectroscopy (Vol. 1B, pp. 63–116). Birkhäuser: Basel, Switzerland.
Chamovitz, D., Misawa, N., Sandmann, G., & Hirschberg, J. (1992). Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene coding for phytoene synthase, a carotenoid
biosynthesis enzyme. FEBS Letters, 296, 305–310.
Cordero, B. F., Couso, I., Leon, R., Rodriguez, H., & Vargas, M. A. (2012). Isolation and characterization of a lycopene ε-cyclase gene of Chlorella (Chromochloris) zofingiensis. Regulation of
the carotenogenic pathway by nitrogen and light. Marine Drugs, 10, 269–2088.
Cunningham, F. X., Jr., & Gantt, E. (2001). One ring or two? Determination of ring number in
carotenoids by lycopene ε-cyclases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 98, 2905–2910.
Cunningham, F. X., Jr., Lee, H., & Gantt, E. (2007). Carotenoid biosynthesis in the primitive red
alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Eukaryotic Cell, 6, 533–545.
S. Takaichi
the products of carotenoids can be predicted. The presence or absence of genes or
carotenogenic pathways can also be predicted. This is a new approach.
Note that not all homologous genes of base sequence demonstrate the same functions; CrtI, CrtH, CrtO, and CrtD exhibit relatively homologous base sequences but
different functions. Some cyanobacterial homologous genes of lycopene cyclases
have not yet had their functions confirmed (see Sect. 3.2). However, finding unknown
enzymes using this method is impossible.
References
Armstrong, G. A. (1997). Genetics of eubacterial carotenoid biosynthesis: a colorful tale. Annual
Review of Microbiology, 51, 629–659.
Baroli, I., Do, A. D., Yamane, T., & Niyogi, K. K. (2003). Zeaxanthin accumulation in the absence of
a functional xanthophyll cycle protects Chlomydomonas reinhardtii from photooxidative stress.
Plant Cell, 15, 992–1008.
Bertrand, M. (2010). Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms. Photosynthesis Research, 106, 89–102.
Bjørnland, T., & Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1989). Distribution patterns of carotenoids in relation to chromophyte phylogeny and systematics. In J. C. Green, B. S. C. Leadbeater, & W. I. Diver (Eds.),
The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives (pp. 37–60). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Bradbury, L. M. T., Shumskaya, M., Tzfadia, O., Wu, S. B., Kennkelly, E. J., & Wurtzel, E. T.
(2012). Lycopene cyclase paralog CruP protects against reactive oxygen species in oxygenic
photosynthetic organisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America, E1888–E1897.
Breitenbach, J., Fernández-González, B., Vioque, A., & Sandmann, G. (1998). A higher-plant type
ζ-carotene desaturase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. Plant Molecular Biology,
36, 725–732.
Breitenbach, J., Vioque, A., & Sandmann, G. (2001). Gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 encodes
a carotene isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of all-E lycopene. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
C. 56, 915–917.
Britton, G. (1998). Overview of carotenoid biosynthesis. In G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen, & H.
Pfander (Eds.), Carotenoids: biosynthesis and metabolism (Vol. 3, pp. 13–147). Birkhäuser:
Basel, Switzerland.
Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S., & Pfander, H. (2004). Carotenoids Handbook. Birkhäuser: Basel,
Switzerland.
Buchecker, R., & Noack, K. (1995). Circular dichroism. In G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen, & H.
Pfander (Eds.), Carotenoids: spectroscopy (Vol. 1B, pp. 63–116). Birkhäuser: Basel, Switzerland.
Chamovitz, D., Misawa, N., Sandmann, G., & Hirschberg, J. (1992). Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene coding for phytoene synthase, a carotenoid
biosynthesis enzyme. FEBS Letters, 296, 305–310.
Cordero, B. F., Couso, I., Leon, R., Rodriguez, H., & Vargas, M. A. (2012). Isolation and characterization of a lycopene ε-cyclase gene of Chlorella (Chromochloris) zofingiensis. Regulation of
the carotenogenic pathway by nitrogen and light. Marine Drugs, 10, 269–2088.
Cunningham, F. X., Jr., & Gantt, E. (2001). One ring or two? Determination of ring number in
carotenoids by lycopene ε-cyclases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 98, 2905–2910.
Cunningham, F. X., Jr., Lee, H., & Gantt, E. (2007). Carotenoid biosynthesis in the primitive red
alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Eukaryotic Cell, 6, 533–545.