394
A. S. Fernandes et al.
A
5
7
B
C
E
D
N
N
N
N
O
O
O
Mg
H3COOC
H
H
8
10
12
13
1
17
3
17
15
20
3
2
13
2
Fig. 16.1 Structure of chlorophyll a (a) including the IUPAC-IUB carbon-atom and rings
numbering system
from Pavlova gyrans, [DV]-Pchlorophyllides, and a non-polar chlorophyll c-like
pigment) to eleven compounds (Zapata et al. 2006). However, the most reported in
the literature are the Chl c 1 (Fig. 16.2c) carries a characteristic ethyl group at C8, Chl
c 2 a vinyl group at C8 (Fig. 16.2d), and Chl c 3 show of a methoxycarbonyl group at
C7 (Fig. 16.2e) (Zapata et al. 2006).
Independently of the chlorophyll series (a, b, c, d, or f ) are relatively unstable, the
degradation of these compounds is a combination of enzymatic activity and chemical
changes, converting as expected, chlorophylls into pheophytins, chlorophyllides, and
pheophorbide (Lanfer-Marquez and Sinnecker 2008; Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2018).
The pheophytinization reaction is the substitution of the central magnesium atom
of the tetrapyrrole by two hydrogen atoms. When this reaction starts from chlorophylls, it generates pheophytins; when starting from chlorophyllides, it generates
pheophorbides. The de-esterification reaction is the hydrolysis of the phytol chain,
chlorophyllides are produced if the reaction starts with chlorophyll, and the process
yields pheophorbides if the dephytylation starts from pheophytin (Schwartz and
Lorenzo 1990; Roca et al. 2016; Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2017).
In nature, higher plants contain only chlorophylls a and b and their respective
catabolites like pheophytins, chlorophyllides, and pheophorbides. In addition to
chlorophylls a and b, and chlorophylls c, d, and f show a wide occurring in aquatic
photosynthetic organisms (Table 16.1), the currently known distribution patterns
of chlorophylls pigments in bioresources are shown in Fig. 16.3 (Hendry 2000;
Lanfer-Marquez and Borrmann 2009).
About the polar chlorophylls c, an overview of Chl c shows a major distribution in
microalgae such as diatoms and brown algae. The Chl c 2 was considered the universal
A. S. Fernandes et al.
A
5
7
B
C
E
D
N
N
N
N
O
O
O
Mg
H3COOC
H
H
8
10
12
13
1
17
3
17
15
20
3
2
13
2
Fig. 16.1 Structure of chlorophyll a (a) including the IUPAC-IUB carbon-atom and rings
numbering system
from Pavlova gyrans, [DV]-Pchlorophyllides, and a non-polar chlorophyll c-like
pigment) to eleven compounds (Zapata et al. 2006). However, the most reported in
the literature are the Chl c 1 (Fig. 16.2c) carries a characteristic ethyl group at C8, Chl
c 2 a vinyl group at C8 (Fig. 16.2d), and Chl c 3 show of a methoxycarbonyl group at
C7 (Fig. 16.2e) (Zapata et al. 2006).
Independently of the chlorophyll series (a, b, c, d, or f ) are relatively unstable, the
degradation of these compounds is a combination of enzymatic activity and chemical
changes, converting as expected, chlorophylls into pheophytins, chlorophyllides, and
pheophorbide (Lanfer-Marquez and Sinnecker 2008; Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2018).
The pheophytinization reaction is the substitution of the central magnesium atom
of the tetrapyrrole by two hydrogen atoms. When this reaction starts from chlorophylls, it generates pheophytins; when starting from chlorophyllides, it generates
pheophorbides. The de-esterification reaction is the hydrolysis of the phytol chain,
chlorophyllides are produced if the reaction starts with chlorophyll, and the process
yields pheophorbides if the dephytylation starts from pheophytin (Schwartz and
Lorenzo 1990; Roca et al. 2016; Pérez-Gálvez et al. 2017).
In nature, higher plants contain only chlorophylls a and b and their respective
catabolites like pheophytins, chlorophyllides, and pheophorbides. In addition to
chlorophylls a and b, and chlorophylls c, d, and f show a wide occurring in aquatic
photosynthetic organisms (Table 16.1), the currently known distribution patterns
of chlorophylls pigments in bioresources are shown in Fig. 16.3 (Hendry 2000;
Lanfer-Marquez and Borrmann 2009).
About the polar chlorophylls c, an overview of Chl c shows a major distribution in
microalgae such as diatoms and brown algae. The Chl c 2 was considered the universal