15 Sustainability Metrics in the Microalgae-Based …
381
Fig. 15.9 Results of the impact assessment (characterization stage) associated with the industrial
production of synthetic and microalgae-based β-carotene and astaxanthin
production scenarios, the microalgae-based astaxanthin showed higher values when
compared to the microalgae-based β-carotene. The results are related to the consumption of fossil energy resources for the cultivation in two-stage of Haematococcus
pluvialis.
Land use and land cover are considered primary factors affecting ecosystems.
Thus, among the identified impacts, the use of land occupation by the potentially
missing fraction of species was evaluated. Therefore, for the microalgae-based
pigment production scenarios, values on the order of 3.41 PDF/ha for β-carotene
and 9.90 PDF/ha for astaxanthin were found. The highest values for astaxanthin
production are attributed to the great land use required for the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis in a two-step system. In comparison with synthetic production
scenarios, lower values were found, being 0.68 PDF/ha for β-carotene and 0.96
PDF/ha for astaxanthin. The process of synthetic production of pigments involves
381
Fig. 15.9 Results of the impact assessment (characterization stage) associated with the industrial
production of synthetic and microalgae-based β-carotene and astaxanthin
production scenarios, the microalgae-based astaxanthin showed higher values when
compared to the microalgae-based β-carotene. The results are related to the consumption of fossil energy resources for the cultivation in two-stage of Haematococcus
pluvialis.
Land use and land cover are considered primary factors affecting ecosystems.
Thus, among the identified impacts, the use of land occupation by the potentially
missing fraction of species was evaluated. Therefore, for the microalgae-based
pigment production scenarios, values on the order of 3.41 PDF/ha for β-carotene
and 9.90 PDF/ha for astaxanthin were found. The highest values for astaxanthin
production are attributed to the great land use required for the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis in a two-step system. In comparison with synthetic production
scenarios, lower values were found, being 0.68 PDF/ha for β-carotene and 0.96
PDF/ha for astaxanthin. The process of synthetic production of pigments involves