340
J. Jeevanandam et al.
technique has been used to extract phycocyanin in recent times (Ramoz et al. 2010).
Various methods, including lysozyme treatment and nitrogen cavitation are utilized
to obtain Synechococcus sp. extracted phycobiliproteins (Viskari and Colyer 2003;
Gupta and Sainis 2010). Phycoerythrin isolation is performed by methods including
sonication and freeze thaw method, using different cyanobacterial species (Pumas
et al. 2011; Mishra et al. 2011).
14.3.4.1 Applications of Phycobiliproteins
Phycobiliproteins possess enhanced antioxidative, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective entities (Spolaore et al. 2006a). These pigments are commercially used as
organic dyes in various countries. They form an important component of fluorescent
labeling for flow cytometry and histochemistry, due to their exclusive spectral entities (Kronick and Grossman 1983). Phycoerythrin due to its absorbance spectra is
utilized as a secondary color in antibodies that are labeled in fluorescent colors (Sekar
and Chandramohan 2008). Further, DNA and protein probes can be detected by
using phycoerythrin labeled streptavidin (Diwu et al. 2012). Low-molecular weight
cryptomonad derived phycobiliproteins (termed cryptoFluortrade mark dyes) finds
applications in both extracellular and intracellular flow-based labeling systems. Also,
these phycobiliproteins are beneficial as electrophoresis markers, focusers in chromatograph and iso-electric experiments, since they exhibit optical absorption in the
visible light wavelength.
PBS is used as natural food colorants over synthetic dyes which exhibits carcinogenicity. Other benefits comprise their strong colors and elevated water solubility. The
yellow fluorescent color of phycoerthrin is used for making transparent sugar-based
lollipops and in other food decorations (Dufosse et al. 2005). S. platensis and Phorphyridium aerugineum extracted phycoerythrin is utilized as confectionary colors,
gelatin desserts, and in cosmetic products. Another phycobiliprotein, S. platensis
extracted C-phycocyanin is widely preferred as a colorant, compared to synthetic
ones (Sekar and Chandramohan 2008) and marketed in Japan. It is beneficial as
a chewing gum coloring agent, popsicles, and soft drinks to name a few. PBS is
not permitted by FDA, however, desert lake technologies applied to grant generally
regarded as safe (GRAS) status to CyaninPlus (C-PC) (FDA GRAS 2012). Additionally, it is used in cosmetic industries as lipsticks (Santiago-Santos et al. 2004).
Phycocyanin is a pharmaceutically active phycopigment due to its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties (Sekar and Chandramohan 2008). For
instance, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae extracted phycocyanin has been found to be a
robust antioxidative agent and is proven to reduce oxidative damage (Benedetti et al.
2004). It is capable of scavenging free radicals and also inhibits in vitro peroxidation
of microsomal lipids (Romay et al. 2003). Further, phycocyanin significantly reduced
hippocampal cell death in rats (Thaakur and Sravanthi 2010; Penton-Rol et al. 2011),
decreased hepatic inflammation (González et al. 2003; Sekar and Chandramohan
2008) and decreased phagocytosis in Kupffer cell (Remirez et al. 2002).
J. Jeevanandam et al.
technique has been used to extract phycocyanin in recent times (Ramoz et al. 2010).
Various methods, including lysozyme treatment and nitrogen cavitation are utilized
to obtain Synechococcus sp. extracted phycobiliproteins (Viskari and Colyer 2003;
Gupta and Sainis 2010). Phycoerythrin isolation is performed by methods including
sonication and freeze thaw method, using different cyanobacterial species (Pumas
et al. 2011; Mishra et al. 2011).
14.3.4.1 Applications of Phycobiliproteins
Phycobiliproteins possess enhanced antioxidative, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective entities (Spolaore et al. 2006a). These pigments are commercially used as
organic dyes in various countries. They form an important component of fluorescent
labeling for flow cytometry and histochemistry, due to their exclusive spectral entities (Kronick and Grossman 1983). Phycoerythrin due to its absorbance spectra is
utilized as a secondary color in antibodies that are labeled in fluorescent colors (Sekar
and Chandramohan 2008). Further, DNA and protein probes can be detected by
using phycoerythrin labeled streptavidin (Diwu et al. 2012). Low-molecular weight
cryptomonad derived phycobiliproteins (termed cryptoFluortrade mark dyes) finds
applications in both extracellular and intracellular flow-based labeling systems. Also,
these phycobiliproteins are beneficial as electrophoresis markers, focusers in chromatograph and iso-electric experiments, since they exhibit optical absorption in the
visible light wavelength.
PBS is used as natural food colorants over synthetic dyes which exhibits carcinogenicity. Other benefits comprise their strong colors and elevated water solubility. The
yellow fluorescent color of phycoerthrin is used for making transparent sugar-based
lollipops and in other food decorations (Dufosse et al. 2005). S. platensis and Phorphyridium aerugineum extracted phycoerythrin is utilized as confectionary colors,
gelatin desserts, and in cosmetic products. Another phycobiliprotein, S. platensis
extracted C-phycocyanin is widely preferred as a colorant, compared to synthetic
ones (Sekar and Chandramohan 2008) and marketed in Japan. It is beneficial as
a chewing gum coloring agent, popsicles, and soft drinks to name a few. PBS is
not permitted by FDA, however, desert lake technologies applied to grant generally
regarded as safe (GRAS) status to CyaninPlus (C-PC) (FDA GRAS 2012). Additionally, it is used in cosmetic industries as lipsticks (Santiago-Santos et al. 2004).
Phycocyanin is a pharmaceutically active phycopigment due to its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties (Sekar and Chandramohan 2008). For
instance, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae extracted phycocyanin has been found to be a
robust antioxidative agent and is proven to reduce oxidative damage (Benedetti et al.
2004). It is capable of scavenging free radicals and also inhibits in vitro peroxidation
of microsomal lipids (Romay et al. 2003). Further, phycocyanin significantly reduced
hippocampal cell death in rats (Thaakur and Sravanthi 2010; Penton-Rol et al. 2011),
decreased hepatic inflammation (González et al. 2003; Sekar and Chandramohan
2008) and decreased phagocytosis in Kupffer cell (Remirez et al. 2002).