13 Process Intensification Aspects of Extraction …
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Table 13.1
Examples of SFE for pigment extraction from microalgae. P-pressure, T-temperature, t-time.
Microalgae
Solvent
Pre-treatment
Process Conditions
Yield
References
Chlorella vulgaris
CO
2 and 7.5% ethanol –
P-80 bar
T- 500 °C
t- 3 h
Lutein- 0.145 mg/min
β-carotene-0.0046 mg/min
chlorophyll a-0.27 mg/min
chlorophyll
b-0.085 mg/min
Kitada et al. (2009)
Nannochloropsis
gaditana
CO
2
Freeze drying
P-60 bar
T-400 °C
t- 3 h
Total
Cartenoids-0.343
μg/mg,
Total chlorophyll a2.238
μg/mg
Macías-Sánchez et al. (2005)
Nannochloropsis
oculata
CO
2 and
16.7 wt% ethanol
–
P-50 bar
T-350 °C
Total carotenoids7.61 mg/g
Liau et al. (2010)
Dunaliella salina
CO
2
Homogenisation
P-60 bar; T-400 °C, t- 3 h Total carotenoids12.17 mg/g
Macias sanchez et al. (2008)
Nannochloropsis
oculata
CO
2 and Ethanol
Grinding & freeze
drying
P-50 bar
T-350 °C
Zeaxanthin- 13.17 mg/g
Liau et al. (2011)
Haematococcus
pluvialis
CO
2
Drying
P-70 bar; T-500 °C, t- 4 h Astaxanthin- 23.04 mg/g
Thana et al. (2008)
Synechococcus
sp. CO
2
Freeze drying
P-50 bar; T-300 °C, t- 3 h Carotenoids- 1.511
μg/mg
Chlorophyll a-0.078
μg/mg
Macías-Sánchez et al. (2007)
Chlorella vulgaris
CO
2 and 5% ethanol
Crushing
P-60 bar
T-400 °C
0.29% carotenoid yield
with 69% recovery
Gouveia et al. (2006)