12 Industrial Extraction of Microalgal Pigments
305
lipid. As an example, acetone extraction aimed at astaxanthin recovery from H. pluvialis cyst cells will likely extract astaxanthin as well as chlorophyll, other pigments
and fatty-acid lipids from the biomass. Crude hexane extract from nitrogen-deprived
Nannochloropsis biomass will contain not only the targeted biodiesel-convertible
non-polar triglycerides but also meaningful amounts of ω3-rich polar lipids, chlorophyll a and a number of different carotenoids that could potentially be separated
from the primary lipid product to form valuable products. For this reason, it is of
critical importance to be able to refine crude extract obtained from a lipid or pigment
extraction step into individual product streams that can add to the overall commercial
value of the biorefinery system. Recent studies on microalgal pigment purification
using various precipitation, chromatographic and esterification methods have generally focused on lab-scale application and have not examined the industrial scalability
of their proposed processes (Benavides and Rito-Palomares 2006; Fujii 2012; Gantar
et al. 2012; Kang and Sim 2007; Sørensen et al. 2013).
References
Abu-Rezq, T. S., Al-Hooti, S., Jacob, D., Al-Schamali, M., Ahmed, A., & Ahmed, N. (2010).
Induction and extraction of beta-carotene from the locally isolated Dunaliella Salina. Jlournal
of Algal Biomass Utilization, 1(4), 58–83.
Balasubramanian, S., Allen, J. D., Kanitkar, A., & Boldor, D. (2011). Oil extraction from
Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous microwave system—Design, optimization, and quality
characterization. Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 3396–3403.
Baudelet, P.-H., Ricochon, G., Linder, M., & Muniglia, L. (2017). A new insight into cell walls of
chlorophyta. Algal Research, 25, 333–371.
Benavides, J., & Rito-Palomares, M. (2006). Simplified two-stage method to B-phycoerythrin
recovery from porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Chromatography B, 844(1), 39–44.
Bermejo Román, R., Alvárez-Pez, J. M., Acién Fernández, F. G., & Molina Grima, E. (2002).
Recovery of pure B-phycoerythrin from the microalga porphyridium cruentum. Journal of
Biotechnology, 93(1), 73–85.
Council, E. (2009). On the approximation of the laws of the member states on extraction solvents
used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients. Directive 2009/32/EC of the european
parliament and of the council.
Cuellar-Bermudez, S. P., Aguilar-Hernandez, I., Cardenas-Chavez, D. L., Ornelas-Soto, N.,
Romero-Ogawa, M. A., & Parra-Saldivar, R. (2015). Extraction and purification of high-value
metabolites from microalgae: Essential lipids, astaxanthin and phycobiliproteins. Microbial
Biotechnology, 8(2), 190–209.
Demuez, M., Mahdy, A., Tomás-Pejó, E., González-Fernández, C., & Ballesteros, M. (2015).
Enzymatic cell disruption of microalgae biomass in biorefinery processes. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 112(10), 1955–1966.
Denery, J. R., Dragull, K., Tang, C. S., & Li, Q. X. (2004). Pressurized fluid extraction of carotenoids
from Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina and kavalactones from Piper methysticum.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 501(2), 175–181.
Desai, R. K., Streefland, M., Wijffels, R. H., & Eppink, M. H. M. (2016). Novel astaxanthin
extraction from haematococcus pluvialis using cell permeabilising ionic liquids. Green Chemistry,
18(5), 1261–1267.
305
lipid. As an example, acetone extraction aimed at astaxanthin recovery from H. pluvialis cyst cells will likely extract astaxanthin as well as chlorophyll, other pigments
and fatty-acid lipids from the biomass. Crude hexane extract from nitrogen-deprived
Nannochloropsis biomass will contain not only the targeted biodiesel-convertible
non-polar triglycerides but also meaningful amounts of ω3-rich polar lipids, chlorophyll a and a number of different carotenoids that could potentially be separated
from the primary lipid product to form valuable products. For this reason, it is of
critical importance to be able to refine crude extract obtained from a lipid or pigment
extraction step into individual product streams that can add to the overall commercial
value of the biorefinery system. Recent studies on microalgal pigment purification
using various precipitation, chromatographic and esterification methods have generally focused on lab-scale application and have not examined the industrial scalability
of their proposed processes (Benavides and Rito-Palomares 2006; Fujii 2012; Gantar
et al. 2012; Kang and Sim 2007; Sørensen et al. 2013).
References
Abu-Rezq, T. S., Al-Hooti, S., Jacob, D., Al-Schamali, M., Ahmed, A., & Ahmed, N. (2010).
Induction and extraction of beta-carotene from the locally isolated Dunaliella Salina. Jlournal
of Algal Biomass Utilization, 1(4), 58–83.
Balasubramanian, S., Allen, J. D., Kanitkar, A., & Boldor, D. (2011). Oil extraction from
Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous microwave system—Design, optimization, and quality
characterization. Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 3396–3403.
Baudelet, P.-H., Ricochon, G., Linder, M., & Muniglia, L. (2017). A new insight into cell walls of
chlorophyta. Algal Research, 25, 333–371.
Benavides, J., & Rito-Palomares, M. (2006). Simplified two-stage method to B-phycoerythrin
recovery from porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Chromatography B, 844(1), 39–44.
Bermejo Román, R., Alvárez-Pez, J. M., Acién Fernández, F. G., & Molina Grima, E. (2002).
Recovery of pure B-phycoerythrin from the microalga porphyridium cruentum. Journal of
Biotechnology, 93(1), 73–85.
Council, E. (2009). On the approximation of the laws of the member states on extraction solvents
used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients. Directive 2009/32/EC of the european
parliament and of the council.
Cuellar-Bermudez, S. P., Aguilar-Hernandez, I., Cardenas-Chavez, D. L., Ornelas-Soto, N.,
Romero-Ogawa, M. A., & Parra-Saldivar, R. (2015). Extraction and purification of high-value
metabolites from microalgae: Essential lipids, astaxanthin and phycobiliproteins. Microbial
Biotechnology, 8(2), 190–209.
Demuez, M., Mahdy, A., Tomás-Pejó, E., González-Fernández, C., & Ballesteros, M. (2015).
Enzymatic cell disruption of microalgae biomass in biorefinery processes. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 112(10), 1955–1966.
Denery, J. R., Dragull, K., Tang, C. S., & Li, Q. X. (2004). Pressurized fluid extraction of carotenoids
from Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina and kavalactones from Piper methysticum.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 501(2), 175–181.
Desai, R. K., Streefland, M., Wijffels, R. H., & Eppink, M. H. M. (2016). Novel astaxanthin
extraction from haematococcus pluvialis using cell permeabilising ionic liquids. Green Chemistry,
18(5), 1261–1267.