11 Microalgae-Based Processes for Pigments Production
245
Fig. 11.2
Biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids and phycobilins in microalgae. Enzymes involved: HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase; DXR,
deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase;
β-LCY, β-cyclase; CrtR-b,
β-carotene hydroxylase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; DXS, DXP synthase;
ε-LCY, ε-cyclase; CrtR-e,
ε-carotene hydroxylase; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; DDE, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase; PSY, phytoene
synthase; VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; ZDS,
ζ-carotene desaturase; BKT,
β-carotene ketolase; Z-ISO,
ζ-carotene isomerase; ZEP, Zeaxanthin epoxidase;
GluRS, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase; GluTR, glutamyl-tRNA reductase; GSAT, glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase; PGB synthase, porphobilinogen
synthase; HMB synthase, hydroxymethylbilane synthase; UPG III synthase, uroporphyrinogen III synthase; UPG III Decarboxylase, uroporphyrinogen III
decarboxylase; Copro III oxidase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase; PPOX, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase; FeChe, Fe chelatase; HOs, heme oxygenase Adapted
from Paniagua-Michel et al. (2012), Raposo et al. (2015), Bertrand (2010), Gong and Bassi (2016) and Fernandes et al. (2017), Chakdar and Pabbi (2016)
245
Fig. 11.2
Biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids and phycobilins in microalgae. Enzymes involved: HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase; DXR,
deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase;
β-LCY, β-cyclase; CrtR-b,
β-carotene hydroxylase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; DXS, DXP synthase;
ε-LCY, ε-cyclase; CrtR-e,
ε-carotene hydroxylase; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; DDE, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase; PSY, phytoene
synthase; VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; ZDS,
ζ-carotene desaturase; BKT,
β-carotene ketolase; Z-ISO,
ζ-carotene isomerase; ZEP, Zeaxanthin epoxidase;
GluRS, glutamyl-tRNA synthetase; GluTR, glutamyl-tRNA reductase; GSAT, glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase; PGB synthase, porphobilinogen
synthase; HMB synthase, hydroxymethylbilane synthase; UPG III synthase, uroporphyrinogen III synthase; UPG III Decarboxylase, uroporphyrinogen III
decarboxylase; Copro III oxidase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase; PPOX, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase; FeChe, Fe chelatase; HOs, heme oxygenase Adapted
from Paniagua-Michel et al. (2012), Raposo et al. (2015), Bertrand (2010), Gong and Bassi (2016) and Fernandes et al. (2017), Chakdar and Pabbi (2016)