7 Analytical Protocols in Carotenoid Analysis
167
Table 7.2
(continued)
Carotenoid
λ maxima (nm) in
ethanol a
Elemental
composition
Molecular weight a
[M
+ H] +
Product ions grouped by fragmentation process b, c
In-chain
Polyene chain
and terminal
group
Decyclization
Neoxanthin
418, 442, 471
C
40 H
56 O
4
601.4251
509.3625
583.4150
565.4040
221.1540
393.2790
Violaxanthin
419, 440, 470
C
40 H
56 O
4
601.4251
509.3625
583.4150
565.4040
221.1540
–
Zeaxanthin
428, 450
C
40 H
56 O
2
569.4353
477.3571
551.4250
533.4140
429.3150
–
a
Maxima detailed in Britton et al. (2004). b
product ions not yet experimentally observed. c
in the acyclic carotenoids the fragmentation process involves the
end-group. The product ions have been detailed by Airs and Llewellyn (2005), de Rosso and Mercadante (2007), van Breemen et al. (2012), Crupi et al. (2013),
Rivera et al. (2014), Rodrigues et al. (2015), Maroneze et al. (2019)