3.9 Conclusion
63
polydispersity are important parameters for determining quality of chitin. These
factors are therefore important in their extraction, processing and applications.
The process of sourcing and extraction of chitin has significant environmental
impact from the carbon emission from transportation and preservation of raw materials to the chemical and energy consumed during the production process. Nonetheless, chitin, being the second most abundant polymer on earth, offers great potential
as a replacement or at least an alternative to fossil-derived polymers used for similar applications such as packaging films, water treatment, flexible electronics and
biomedical products.
References
Abd-Aziz S, Sin T, Slitheen N, Shahab N, Kamaruddin K (2008) Microbial degradation of chitin
materials by Trichoderma virens UKM1. J Biol Sci 8(1):52–59
Agboh OC, Qin Y (1997) Chitin and chitosan fibers. Polym Adv Technol 8:355–365
Ahearn GA, Mandal PK, Mandal A (2004) Calcium regulation in crustaceans during the molt cycle:
a review and update. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol IntergrPhysiol 137(2):247–257
Aili D, Adour L, Houali K, Amrane A (2019) Efect of temperature in chitin and chitosan production
by solid culture of penicillium camembertii on YPG medium. Int J Biol Macromol 133:998–1007
Al- Manhel AJ, Al-Hilphy ARS, Niamah AK (2018) Extraction of chitosan, characterisation and
its use for water purification. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 17:186–190
Azuma K, Osaki T, Minami S, Okamoto Y (2015) Anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of
chitin and Chitosan oligosaccharides. J Funct Biomater 6:33–49
Badawy RM, Mohamed HI (2015) Chitin extraction, composition of different six insect species and
their comparable characteristics with that of the shrimp. J Am Sci 11(6):127–134
Beier S, Bertilsson S (2014) Bacterial chitin degradation- mechanisms and ecophysiological
strategies. Front Microbiol 4(149):1–13
Berg A (2009) Aquatic insects classification. Encyclopedia of inland waters, pp 128–131
Boarin-Alcalde L, Graciano-Fonseca G (2016) Alkali process for chitin extraction and chitosan
production from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) scales. Am J Aquat Res 44(4):683–688
Brostow W, Datashvili T (2016) Environmental impacts of Natural Polymers. In: Olatunji O (Ed).
Natural Polymers, Industry Techniques and Applications. Springer, New York. pp 315–338
Castro R, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Borquez R (2018) Chitin extraction from Allopetrolisthes punctatus
crab using lactic fermentation. Biotechnol Rep 20:e00287
Charernsriwilaiwat N, Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T (2012) In vitro antioxidant
activity of chitosan aqueous solution: effect of salt form. Trop J Pharm Res 11(2):235–242
Cira L, Huerta S, Hall GM, Shirai K (2002) Pilot scale lactic acid fermentation of shrimp wastes
for chitin recovery. Process Biochem 37:1359–1366
Divya K, Vijayan S, George TK, Jish MS (2017) Antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticle:
mode of action and factors affecting activity. Fibers Polym 18(2):221–230
Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Hamblin MR (2016) Chitin and chitosan: production and application of versatile
biomedical nanomaterials. J Adv Res (Indore) 4(3):411–427
FAO (2016) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and
nutrition for all. Rome, 200 pp. ISBN 978-92-5-109185-2
Ficket Z, Medunic G, Turk FM, Ivanic M, Kniewald G (2017) Influence of soil characteristics on
rare earth fingerprints in mosses and mushrooms: example of a pristine temperature rainforest
(Slavonia, Croatia). Chemosphere 179:92–100
63
polydispersity are important parameters for determining quality of chitin. These
factors are therefore important in their extraction, processing and applications.
The process of sourcing and extraction of chitin has significant environmental
impact from the carbon emission from transportation and preservation of raw materials to the chemical and energy consumed during the production process. Nonetheless, chitin, being the second most abundant polymer on earth, offers great potential
as a replacement or at least an alternative to fossil-derived polymers used for similar applications such as packaging films, water treatment, flexible electronics and
biomedical products.
References
Abd-Aziz S, Sin T, Slitheen N, Shahab N, Kamaruddin K (2008) Microbial degradation of chitin
materials by Trichoderma virens UKM1. J Biol Sci 8(1):52–59
Agboh OC, Qin Y (1997) Chitin and chitosan fibers. Polym Adv Technol 8:355–365
Ahearn GA, Mandal PK, Mandal A (2004) Calcium regulation in crustaceans during the molt cycle:
a review and update. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol IntergrPhysiol 137(2):247–257
Aili D, Adour L, Houali K, Amrane A (2019) Efect of temperature in chitin and chitosan production
by solid culture of penicillium camembertii on YPG medium. Int J Biol Macromol 133:998–1007
Al- Manhel AJ, Al-Hilphy ARS, Niamah AK (2018) Extraction of chitosan, characterisation and
its use for water purification. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 17:186–190
Azuma K, Osaki T, Minami S, Okamoto Y (2015) Anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of
chitin and Chitosan oligosaccharides. J Funct Biomater 6:33–49
Badawy RM, Mohamed HI (2015) Chitin extraction, composition of different six insect species and
their comparable characteristics with that of the shrimp. J Am Sci 11(6):127–134
Beier S, Bertilsson S (2014) Bacterial chitin degradation- mechanisms and ecophysiological
strategies. Front Microbiol 4(149):1–13
Berg A (2009) Aquatic insects classification. Encyclopedia of inland waters, pp 128–131
Boarin-Alcalde L, Graciano-Fonseca G (2016) Alkali process for chitin extraction and chitosan
production from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) scales. Am J Aquat Res 44(4):683–688
Brostow W, Datashvili T (2016) Environmental impacts of Natural Polymers. In: Olatunji O (Ed).
Natural Polymers, Industry Techniques and Applications. Springer, New York. pp 315–338
Castro R, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Borquez R (2018) Chitin extraction from Allopetrolisthes punctatus
crab using lactic fermentation. Biotechnol Rep 20:e00287
Charernsriwilaiwat N, Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T (2012) In vitro antioxidant
activity of chitosan aqueous solution: effect of salt form. Trop J Pharm Res 11(2):235–242
Cira L, Huerta S, Hall GM, Shirai K (2002) Pilot scale lactic acid fermentation of shrimp wastes
for chitin recovery. Process Biochem 37:1359–1366
Divya K, Vijayan S, George TK, Jish MS (2017) Antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticle:
mode of action and factors affecting activity. Fibers Polym 18(2):221–230
Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Hamblin MR (2016) Chitin and chitosan: production and application of versatile
biomedical nanomaterials. J Adv Res (Indore) 4(3):411–427
FAO (2016) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and
nutrition for all. Rome, 200 pp. ISBN 978-92-5-109185-2
Ficket Z, Medunic G, Turk FM, Ivanic M, Kniewald G (2017) Influence of soil characteristics on
rare earth fingerprints in mosses and mushrooms: example of a pristine temperature rainforest
(Slavonia, Croatia). Chemosphere 179:92–100