1 How Dietary Deficiency Studies Have Illuminated the Many Roles …
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Table 1.1 Composition of the VAD diet no. 904,646 (MP Biomedicals) a,b
Component
g/100 g diet
VA-free casein
18.0
Corn starch
32.5
Sucrose
32.5
Brewer’s Yeast U.S.P c
8.0
Cottonseed oil
5.0
Salt mixture no. 2 XIII d
4.0
a Provided the following minerals and vitamin in mg/kg of complete diet: calcium carbonate, 6250;
manganese sulfate H 2 O, 180; zinc carbonate, 50; cupric sulfate 5 H 2 O, 25; chromium potassium
sulfate, 22; sodium fluoride, 5; potassium iodide, 1; sodium selenite, 1; ergocalciferol, 5
b The VAS diet was the same but was supplemented with 8 mg retinyl palmitate/kg diet
c Provided the following vitamins in mg/g of Brewer’s yeast: thiamine, 0.15; riboflavin, 0.045; niacin,
0.4; pyridoxine, 0.05; choline, 4.7; folic acid, 0.005; biotin, 0.0013; inositol, 4.7; pantothenic acid,
0.122
d Salt mixture consisted of (in g/kg diet): calcium biphosphate, 136.2; calcium lactate, 327.6; ferric
citrate, 30; magnesium sulfate, 137.6; potassium phosphate dibasic, 240; sodium biphosphate, 87.6;
sodium chloride, 43.8
Table 1.2 Comparison of measured levels of vitamin A (retinol) in rodent liver and plasma.
Numeric values represent sample size (n), the mean (± one standard deviation or standard error of
the mean). One international unit (IU) is equivalent to 0.3 μg at-ROL
Animal
IU VA/kg diet
Liver nmol/g
tissue
Plasma/Serum
μmol/L
References
Rat
Male Long Evans
(n = 4 liver; 5
plasma)
18,545
0.52
(±0.26 a )
1.2
(±0.3 a )
Asson-Batres et al.
(2009)
Male Wistar
(n = 6 liver; 6
serum)
39,970
0.88
(±0.14 b )
1.4
(±0.04 b )
Martini and Murray
(1994)
Male Wistar
(n = 6 liver; 6
serum)
799,000
114.4
(±10.5 b )
1.3
(±0.14 b )
Martini and Murray
(1994)
Mouse
Male SV129
(n = 60 liver; 70
serum)
4,000
9.6
(±23.1 b )
0.81
(±0.04 b )
Kane et al. (2005)
Male C57/BL/6 J
(n = 7 liver)
15,000
29.5
(±23.1 a )
nm c
Asson-Batres et al.
(2016)
Male C57/BL/6 J
(n = 10 liver; 5
serum)
22,000
81.5
(±6.7 a )
0.80
(±0.1 a )
O’Byrne et al.
(2005)
a Standard deviation
b Standard error of the mean
c nm = not measured
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Table 1.1 Composition of the VAD diet no. 904,646 (MP Biomedicals) a,b
Component
g/100 g diet
VA-free casein
18.0
Corn starch
32.5
Sucrose
32.5
Brewer’s Yeast U.S.P c
8.0
Cottonseed oil
5.0
Salt mixture no. 2 XIII d
4.0
a Provided the following minerals and vitamin in mg/kg of complete diet: calcium carbonate, 6250;
manganese sulfate H 2 O, 180; zinc carbonate, 50; cupric sulfate 5 H 2 O, 25; chromium potassium
sulfate, 22; sodium fluoride, 5; potassium iodide, 1; sodium selenite, 1; ergocalciferol, 5
b The VAS diet was the same but was supplemented with 8 mg retinyl palmitate/kg diet
c Provided the following vitamins in mg/g of Brewer’s yeast: thiamine, 0.15; riboflavin, 0.045; niacin,
0.4; pyridoxine, 0.05; choline, 4.7; folic acid, 0.005; biotin, 0.0013; inositol, 4.7; pantothenic acid,
0.122
d Salt mixture consisted of (in g/kg diet): calcium biphosphate, 136.2; calcium lactate, 327.6; ferric
citrate, 30; magnesium sulfate, 137.6; potassium phosphate dibasic, 240; sodium biphosphate, 87.6;
sodium chloride, 43.8
Table 1.2 Comparison of measured levels of vitamin A (retinol) in rodent liver and plasma.
Numeric values represent sample size (n), the mean (± one standard deviation or standard error of
the mean). One international unit (IU) is equivalent to 0.3 μg at-ROL
Animal
IU VA/kg diet
Liver nmol/g
tissue
Plasma/Serum
μmol/L
References
Rat
Male Long Evans
(n = 4 liver; 5
plasma)
18,545
0.52
(±0.26 a )
1.2
(±0.3 a )
Asson-Batres et al.
(2009)
Male Wistar
(n = 6 liver; 6
serum)
39,970
0.88
(±0.14 b )
1.4
(±0.04 b )
Martini and Murray
(1994)
Male Wistar
(n = 6 liver; 6
serum)
799,000
114.4
(±10.5 b )
1.3
(±0.14 b )
Martini and Murray
(1994)
Mouse
Male SV129
(n = 60 liver; 70
serum)
4,000
9.6
(±23.1 b )
0.81
(±0.04 b )
Kane et al. (2005)
Male C57/BL/6 J
(n = 7 liver)
15,000
29.5
(±23.1 a )
nm c
Asson-Batres et al.
(2016)
Male C57/BL/6 J
(n = 10 liver; 5
serum)
22,000
81.5
(±6.7 a )
0.80
(±0.1 a )
O’Byrne et al.
(2005)
a Standard deviation
b Standard error of the mean
c nm = not measured