116
M. Maden
Scadding SR, Maden M (1986a) Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and
regeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Embryol exp Morph. 91:35–53
Scadding SR, Maden M (1986b) Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and
regeneration in the axolotl. Ambystoma mexicanum. J Embryol exp Morph. 91:19–34
Scadding SR, Maden M (1994) Retinoic acid gradients in limb regeneration. Dev Biol 162:608–617
Schilthius JG, Gann AA, Brockes JP (1993) Chimeric retinoic acid/thyroid hormone receptors
implicate RAR-alpha 1 as mediating growth inhibition by retinoic acid. EMBO J 12:3459–3466
Scott WJ, Walter R, Tzimas G, Sass JO, Nau H, Collins MD (1994) Endogenous status of retinoids
and their cytosolic binding proteins in limb buds of chick vs mouse embryos. Dev Biol 165:397–
409
Shaikh N, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2011) The Meis homeoprotein regulates the axolotl Prod 1
promoter during limb regeneration. Gene 484:69–74
Shenefelt RA (1972) Morphogenesis of malformations in hamsters casued by retinoic acid: REaltion
to dose and stage of tretement. Teratology 5:103–118
Shimozono S, Iimura T, Kitaguchi T, Higashijima S, Miyawaki A (2013) Visualization of an
endogenous retinoic acid gradient across embryonic development. Nature 496:363–366
Slack JMW (1987) We have a morphogen! Nature 327:553–554
Sonneveld E, van den Brink CE, van der Leede BM, Maden M, van der Saag PT (1999) Embryonal
carcinoma cell lines stably transfected with mRARβ2-lacZ: sensitive system for measuring levels
of active retinoids. Exp Cell Res 250:284–297
Stocum DL, Thoms SD (1984) Retinoic-acid-induced pattern completion in regenerating double
anterior limbs of urodeles. J Exp Zool 232:207–215
Stratford T, Horton C, Maden M (1996) Retinoic acid is required for the initiation of outgrowth in
the chick limb bud. Curr Biol 6:1124–1133
Stratford T, Kostakopoulou K, Maden M (1997) Hoxb-8 has a role in establishing early anteriorposterior polarity in chick forelimb but not in hindlimb. Development 124:4225–4234
Stratford T, Logan C, Zile M, Maden M (1999) Abnormal anteroposterior and dorsoventral
patterning of the limb bud in the absence of retinoids. Mech Dev 81:115–125
Summerbell D (1983) The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the
developing chick limb. J Embryol exp Morph 78:269–289
Swindell EC, Thaller C, Sockanathan S, Petkovich M, Jessell TM, Eichele G (1999) Complementary
domains of retinoic acid production and degradation in the early chick embryo. Dev Biol 216:282–
296
Tamura K, Aoki Y, Ide H (1993) Induction of polarizing activity by retinoic acid occurs
independently of duplicate formation in developing chick limb buds. Dev Biol 158:341–349
Tamura K, Yokouchi Y, Kuroiwa A, Ide H (1997) Retinoic acid changes the proximodistal developmental competence and affinity of distal cells in the developing chick limb bud. Dev Biol
188:224–234
Thaller C, Eichele G (1987) Identification and spatial distribution of retinoids in the developing
chick limb bud. Nature 327:625–628
Thaller C, Eichele G (1988) Characterization of retinoid metabolism in the developing chick limb
bud. Development 103:473–483
Thaller C, Eichele G (1990) Isolation of 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid, novel morphogenetic signal in
the chick wing bud. Nature 345:815–819
Thoms SD, Stocum DL (1984) Retinoic acid-induced pattern duplication in regenerating urodele
limbs. Dev Biol 103:319–328
Tickle C (1981) The number of polarizing region cells required to specify additional digits in the
developing chick wing. Nature 289:295–298
Tickle C, Summerbell D, Wolpert L (1975) Positional signaling and specification of digits in the
chick wing bud. J Embryo exp Morph Nature 254:199–202
Tickle C, Alberts B, Wolpert L, Lee J (1982) Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bond
mimics the action of the polarizing region. Nature 296:564–566
M. Maden
Scadding SR, Maden M (1986a) Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and
regeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. J Embryol exp Morph. 91:35–53
Scadding SR, Maden M (1986b) Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and
regeneration in the axolotl. Ambystoma mexicanum. J Embryol exp Morph. 91:19–34
Scadding SR, Maden M (1994) Retinoic acid gradients in limb regeneration. Dev Biol 162:608–617
Schilthius JG, Gann AA, Brockes JP (1993) Chimeric retinoic acid/thyroid hormone receptors
implicate RAR-alpha 1 as mediating growth inhibition by retinoic acid. EMBO J 12:3459–3466
Scott WJ, Walter R, Tzimas G, Sass JO, Nau H, Collins MD (1994) Endogenous status of retinoids
and their cytosolic binding proteins in limb buds of chick vs mouse embryos. Dev Biol 165:397–
409
Shaikh N, Gates PB, Brockes JP (2011) The Meis homeoprotein regulates the axolotl Prod 1
promoter during limb regeneration. Gene 484:69–74
Shenefelt RA (1972) Morphogenesis of malformations in hamsters casued by retinoic acid: REaltion
to dose and stage of tretement. Teratology 5:103–118
Shimozono S, Iimura T, Kitaguchi T, Higashijima S, Miyawaki A (2013) Visualization of an
endogenous retinoic acid gradient across embryonic development. Nature 496:363–366
Slack JMW (1987) We have a morphogen! Nature 327:553–554
Sonneveld E, van den Brink CE, van der Leede BM, Maden M, van der Saag PT (1999) Embryonal
carcinoma cell lines stably transfected with mRARβ2-lacZ: sensitive system for measuring levels
of active retinoids. Exp Cell Res 250:284–297
Stocum DL, Thoms SD (1984) Retinoic-acid-induced pattern completion in regenerating double
anterior limbs of urodeles. J Exp Zool 232:207–215
Stratford T, Horton C, Maden M (1996) Retinoic acid is required for the initiation of outgrowth in
the chick limb bud. Curr Biol 6:1124–1133
Stratford T, Kostakopoulou K, Maden M (1997) Hoxb-8 has a role in establishing early anteriorposterior polarity in chick forelimb but not in hindlimb. Development 124:4225–4234
Stratford T, Logan C, Zile M, Maden M (1999) Abnormal anteroposterior and dorsoventral
patterning of the limb bud in the absence of retinoids. Mech Dev 81:115–125
Summerbell D (1983) The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the
developing chick limb. J Embryol exp Morph 78:269–289
Swindell EC, Thaller C, Sockanathan S, Petkovich M, Jessell TM, Eichele G (1999) Complementary
domains of retinoic acid production and degradation in the early chick embryo. Dev Biol 216:282–
296
Tamura K, Aoki Y, Ide H (1993) Induction of polarizing activity by retinoic acid occurs
independently of duplicate formation in developing chick limb buds. Dev Biol 158:341–349
Tamura K, Yokouchi Y, Kuroiwa A, Ide H (1997) Retinoic acid changes the proximodistal developmental competence and affinity of distal cells in the developing chick limb bud. Dev Biol
188:224–234
Thaller C, Eichele G (1987) Identification and spatial distribution of retinoids in the developing
chick limb bud. Nature 327:625–628
Thaller C, Eichele G (1988) Characterization of retinoid metabolism in the developing chick limb
bud. Development 103:473–483
Thaller C, Eichele G (1990) Isolation of 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid, novel morphogenetic signal in
the chick wing bud. Nature 345:815–819
Thoms SD, Stocum DL (1984) Retinoic acid-induced pattern duplication in regenerating urodele
limbs. Dev Biol 103:319–328
Tickle C (1981) The number of polarizing region cells required to specify additional digits in the
developing chick wing. Nature 289:295–298
Tickle C, Summerbell D, Wolpert L (1975) Positional signaling and specification of digits in the
chick wing bud. J Embryo exp Morph Nature 254:199–202
Tickle C, Alberts B, Wolpert L, Lee J (1982) Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bond
mimics the action of the polarizing region. Nature 296:564–566