plant biomass produced may be classified as hazardous waste; thus proper handling
and disposal are essential. Unfavorable climate may limit the growth of the plant and
phytomass production, thus decreasing process efficiency [125].
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Researchers in the past few decades have developed wider and better understanding
of how the mechanisms of phytoremediation, the plants, and the microorganisms
contributed for the efficacy of these methods [20]. Basic research is still needed to be
exploited to offer the best efficient technology. In addition to that, integration of
latest molecular tools with known basic pathways is essential. The application of
genetic engineering to improvise the phytoremediation potential is important. The
physiology and biochemistry of the plant have to be understood in terms of the
contaminant degradation. Proper screening and selection of plant species to be
employed are the major key for the success of this technology [126].
References
1. Emenike CU, Jayanthi B, Agamuthu P, Fauziah SH (2018) Biotransformation and removal of
heavy metal: a review of phytoremediation and microbial remediation assessment on contaminated soil. Environ Rev 26(2):156–168
2. Ifon BE, Togbé ACF, Tometin LAS, Suanon F, Yessoufou A (2019) Metal-contaminated soil
remediation: phytoremediation, chemical leaching and electrochemical remediation. In:
Metals in soil-contamination remediat. IntechOpen
3. Nouri J, Khorasani N, Lorestani B, Karami AH, Yousefi N (2009) Accumulation of heavy
metals in soils and uptake by plant species with phytoremediation potential. Environ Earth Sci
59(2):315–323
4. Pilon-Smits E, Pilon M (2002) Phytoremediation of metals using transgenic plants. Crit Rev
Plant Sci 21:439–456
5. Kramer U (2005) Phytoremediation: novel approaches to cleaning up polluted soils. Curr Opin
Biotechnol 16(2):133–141
6. Clau C, Fonse R (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of contaminated
areas by trace elements : mechanisms and major benefits of their applications. World J
Microbiol Biotechnol 955:1655–1664
7. Charlotte M (2017) Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and
trace elements. PhD thesis, Linnaeus University Dissertations Nr 279/2017, Linnaeus University Press
8. Habes AG (2012) Fractionation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil samples collected
along Zerqa River, Jordan. Environ Earth Sci 66(1):199–208
9. Ugya AY, Ahmad AM, Adamu HI, Giwa SM, Imam TS (2019) Phytoextraction of heavy
metals and risk associated with vegetables grown from soil irrigated with refinery wastewater.
J Appl Biol Biotechnol 7(2):14–19
10. Gaskin SE, Bentham RH (2010) Science of the total environment Rhizoremediation of
hydrocarbon contaminated soil using Australian native grasses. Sci Total Environ 408
(17):3683–3688
60
S. Sophia and V. Shetty Kodialbail
and disposal are essential. Unfavorable climate may limit the growth of the plant and
phytomass production, thus decreasing process efficiency [125].
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Researchers in the past few decades have developed wider and better understanding
of how the mechanisms of phytoremediation, the plants, and the microorganisms
contributed for the efficacy of these methods [20]. Basic research is still needed to be
exploited to offer the best efficient technology. In addition to that, integration of
latest molecular tools with known basic pathways is essential. The application of
genetic engineering to improvise the phytoremediation potential is important. The
physiology and biochemistry of the plant have to be understood in terms of the
contaminant degradation. Proper screening and selection of plant species to be
employed are the major key for the success of this technology [126].
References
1. Emenike CU, Jayanthi B, Agamuthu P, Fauziah SH (2018) Biotransformation and removal of
heavy metal: a review of phytoremediation and microbial remediation assessment on contaminated soil. Environ Rev 26(2):156–168
2. Ifon BE, Togbé ACF, Tometin LAS, Suanon F, Yessoufou A (2019) Metal-contaminated soil
remediation: phytoremediation, chemical leaching and electrochemical remediation. In:
Metals in soil-contamination remediat. IntechOpen
3. Nouri J, Khorasani N, Lorestani B, Karami AH, Yousefi N (2009) Accumulation of heavy
metals in soils and uptake by plant species with phytoremediation potential. Environ Earth Sci
59(2):315–323
4. Pilon-Smits E, Pilon M (2002) Phytoremediation of metals using transgenic plants. Crit Rev
Plant Sci 21:439–456
5. Kramer U (2005) Phytoremediation: novel approaches to cleaning up polluted soils. Curr Opin
Biotechnol 16(2):133–141
6. Clau C, Fonse R (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of contaminated
areas by trace elements : mechanisms and major benefits of their applications. World J
Microbiol Biotechnol 955:1655–1664
7. Charlotte M (2017) Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and
trace elements. PhD thesis, Linnaeus University Dissertations Nr 279/2017, Linnaeus University Press
8. Habes AG (2012) Fractionation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil samples collected
along Zerqa River, Jordan. Environ Earth Sci 66(1):199–208
9. Ugya AY, Ahmad AM, Adamu HI, Giwa SM, Imam TS (2019) Phytoextraction of heavy
metals and risk associated with vegetables grown from soil irrigated with refinery wastewater.
J Appl Biol Biotechnol 7(2):14–19
10. Gaskin SE, Bentham RH (2010) Science of the total environment Rhizoremediation of
hydrocarbon contaminated soil using Australian native grasses. Sci Total Environ 408
(17):3683–3688
60
S. Sophia and V. Shetty Kodialbail