203
resin. This work showed that the high functionalization of lignin led to an 80%
increase in flexural strength (99.10 MPa), a 57% increase in flexural modulus
(2.84 GPa), a 52% increase in tensile strength (40.90 MPa) and a 23% increase in
toughness (86.08 kJ/m
3
), compared to pure epoxy matrix.
Nagatani et al. (2019) studied the simple preparation of lignin-based epoxy resin
using aqueous solutions of organic onium hydroxide as a solvent. They observed
that the use of a crosslinking agent managed to control the properties of the developed coatings.
9.3 Conclusions and Remarks
Lignin extracted from different sources of biomass and agricultural wastes has great
potential as a raw material of epoxy resin and curing agent, because they have thermal and mechanical properties comparable to commercial petroleum-based epoxy
resins mainly derived from bisphenol A. This chapter demonstrates the potential of
lignin as a green material in the field of development of polymeric coatings (Allen
et al. 2019).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the partially support by a Grant-in-Aid in
Young Scientists (A) (No.17H04717) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
(No.16H01790) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
of Japan.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Marliana, M. M., Issam, A. M., & Bakare, I. O. (2011). Exploring isolated
lignin material from oil palm biomass waste in green composites. Materials and Design, 32,
2604–2610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.035.
Agbor, V. B., Cicek, N., Sparling, R., Berlin, A., & Levin, D. V. (2011). Biomass pretreatment:
Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, 29(6), 675–685. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005.
Allen, S., Allen, D., Phoenix, V. R., Roux, G. L., Jimenez, P. D., Simonneau, A., Binet, S., &
Galop, D. (2019). Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain
catchment. Nature Geoscience, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5.
Asada, C., Kita, A., Sasaki, C., & Nakamura, Y. (2011). Ethanol production from disposable
aspen chopsticks using delignification pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 85(1), 196–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.020.
Asada, C., Sasaki, C., Uto, Y., Sakafuji, J., & Nakamura, Y. (2012). Effect of steam explosion
pretreatment with ultra-high temperature and pressure on effective utilization of softwood biomass. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 60, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.09.013.
Asada, C., Basnet, S., Otsuka, M., Sasaki, C., & Nakamura, Y. (2015a). Epoxy resin synthesis using low molecular weight lignin separated from various lignocellulosic materials.
9 Lignin as a Coating and Curing Agent on Biodegradable Epoxy Resins
resin. This work showed that the high functionalization of lignin led to an 80%
increase in flexural strength (99.10 MPa), a 57% increase in flexural modulus
(2.84 GPa), a 52% increase in tensile strength (40.90 MPa) and a 23% increase in
toughness (86.08 kJ/m
3
), compared to pure epoxy matrix.
Nagatani et al. (2019) studied the simple preparation of lignin-based epoxy resin
using aqueous solutions of organic onium hydroxide as a solvent. They observed
that the use of a crosslinking agent managed to control the properties of the developed coatings.
9.3 Conclusions and Remarks
Lignin extracted from different sources of biomass and agricultural wastes has great
potential as a raw material of epoxy resin and curing agent, because they have thermal and mechanical properties comparable to commercial petroleum-based epoxy
resins mainly derived from bisphenol A. This chapter demonstrates the potential of
lignin as a green material in the field of development of polymeric coatings (Allen
et al. 2019).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the partially support by a Grant-in-Aid in
Young Scientists (A) (No.17H04717) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
(No.16H01790) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
of Japan.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Marliana, M. M., Issam, A. M., & Bakare, I. O. (2011). Exploring isolated
lignin material from oil palm biomass waste in green composites. Materials and Design, 32,
2604–2610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.035.
Agbor, V. B., Cicek, N., Sparling, R., Berlin, A., & Levin, D. V. (2011). Biomass pretreatment:
Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, 29(6), 675–685. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005.
Allen, S., Allen, D., Phoenix, V. R., Roux, G. L., Jimenez, P. D., Simonneau, A., Binet, S., &
Galop, D. (2019). Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain
catchment. Nature Geoscience, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5.
Asada, C., Kita, A., Sasaki, C., & Nakamura, Y. (2011). Ethanol production from disposable
aspen chopsticks using delignification pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 85(1), 196–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.020.
Asada, C., Sasaki, C., Uto, Y., Sakafuji, J., & Nakamura, Y. (2012). Effect of steam explosion
pretreatment with ultra-high temperature and pressure on effective utilization of softwood biomass. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 60, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.09.013.
Asada, C., Basnet, S., Otsuka, M., Sasaki, C., & Nakamura, Y. (2015a). Epoxy resin synthesis using low molecular weight lignin separated from various lignocellulosic materials.
9 Lignin as a Coating and Curing Agent on Biodegradable Epoxy Resins