184
bedding, packaging, refrigerators and freezers. PU elastomers are used in footwear,
the wheels construction, electronics, tires, transportation and machinery with majority for footwear. PU adhesives are consumed in leather and textile industry, packaging, shoes and wood binding. More than half of PU adhesives are solvent based and
high solids, waterborne and hot-melt adhesives are found in the following places,
respectively. Large volume of PU coating is dedicated to the transportation industry.
Wood industry, metal protection, roofing, powder coatings and radiation curable
coatings are other applications of PU coatings (Sonnenschein 2014).
8.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
Reactive polyesters and polyurethanes (PUs) have shown to be industrially an
important group of polymers for numerous applications. There are many ways to
produce reactive polyesters and PUs in laboratory, but some of them have proven to
be of industrial importance. These polymers as intermediate materials should
undergo more reactions to become a mature product. The final products from polyesters and PUs are used for many applications, such as adhesive, automobile, coating, construction, etc. Given these important and bulk uses of the reactive polymers,
their production and use can be expected to increase significantly in the near future.
Acknowledgments The vice dean for research of the University of Tabriz is greatly acknowledged for the support. The authors also acknowledge the Koosha Resin Company for their support
and encouragement.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Affolter, C., Barbezat, M., Piskoty, G., Neuner, O., & Terrasi, G. (2018). Failure of a sag water pipe
triggered by aging of the gfrp composite relining. Engineering Failure Analysis, 84, 358–370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.09.017.
Akindoyo, J. O., Beg, M., Ghazali, S., Islam, M., Jeyaratnam, N., & Yuvaraj, A. (2016). Polyurethane
types, synthesis and applications–A review. RSC Advances, 6(115), 114453–114482. https://
doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14525f.
Albdiry, M., & Yousif, B. (2019). Toughening of brittle polyester with functionalized halloysite
nanocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 160, 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compositesb.2018.10.032.
Andrew, G. D., Burdeniuc, J. J., & Zarkov, G. (2018). Polyester polyol-containing polyurethane
systems having improved hydrolytic stability. U.S. Patent No. 10,023,680. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Available in: https://patents.google.com/patent/
us10023680b2/en
Ashida, K. (Ed.). (2006). Polyurethane and related foams: Chemistry and technology. CRC press.
ISBN 9781587161599.
M. Akbari and R. Najjar
bedding, packaging, refrigerators and freezers. PU elastomers are used in footwear,
the wheels construction, electronics, tires, transportation and machinery with majority for footwear. PU adhesives are consumed in leather and textile industry, packaging, shoes and wood binding. More than half of PU adhesives are solvent based and
high solids, waterborne and hot-melt adhesives are found in the following places,
respectively. Large volume of PU coating is dedicated to the transportation industry.
Wood industry, metal protection, roofing, powder coatings and radiation curable
coatings are other applications of PU coatings (Sonnenschein 2014).
8.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
Reactive polyesters and polyurethanes (PUs) have shown to be industrially an
important group of polymers for numerous applications. There are many ways to
produce reactive polyesters and PUs in laboratory, but some of them have proven to
be of industrial importance. These polymers as intermediate materials should
undergo more reactions to become a mature product. The final products from polyesters and PUs are used for many applications, such as adhesive, automobile, coating, construction, etc. Given these important and bulk uses of the reactive polymers,
their production and use can be expected to increase significantly in the near future.
Acknowledgments The vice dean for research of the University of Tabriz is greatly acknowledged for the support. The authors also acknowledge the Koosha Resin Company for their support
and encouragement.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Affolter, C., Barbezat, M., Piskoty, G., Neuner, O., & Terrasi, G. (2018). Failure of a sag water pipe
triggered by aging of the gfrp composite relining. Engineering Failure Analysis, 84, 358–370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.09.017.
Akindoyo, J. O., Beg, M., Ghazali, S., Islam, M., Jeyaratnam, N., & Yuvaraj, A. (2016). Polyurethane
types, synthesis and applications–A review. RSC Advances, 6(115), 114453–114482. https://
doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14525f.
Albdiry, M., & Yousif, B. (2019). Toughening of brittle polyester with functionalized halloysite
nanocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 160, 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compositesb.2018.10.032.
Andrew, G. D., Burdeniuc, J. J., & Zarkov, G. (2018). Polyester polyol-containing polyurethane
systems having improved hydrolytic stability. U.S. Patent No. 10,023,680. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Available in: https://patents.google.com/patent/
us10023680b2/en
Ashida, K. (Ed.). (2006). Polyurethane and related foams: Chemistry and technology. CRC press.
ISBN 9781587161599.
M. Akbari and R. Najjar