59
promising approaches to increase the level of tire waste recycling. Proper treatment
of GTR has usually improved chemical reactions and physical interactions between
GTR particles and the polymer matrix. However, the repeatability of the functionalization/modification process and the storage stability of the treated GTR should be
investigated. In addition, the modification and functionalization of GTR by continuous methods (e.g. reactive extrusion) should be developed in the near future, which
is related to greater efficiency of these methods and, consequently, an easier implementation of the laboratory results on an industrial scale.
Acknowledgments Financial support from the National Centre for Research and Development
(NCBR, Poland) in the frame of LIDER/6/0035/L-8/16/NCBR/2017 project is gratefully
acknowledged.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdel-Bary, E. M., Dessouki, A. M., El-Nesr, E. M., & Hassan, M. M. (1997). Radiation-induced
graft copolymerization of some vinyl monomers onto waste rubber powder. Polymer Plastics
Technology and Engineering, 36(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559708000617.
Arastoopour, H., Schocke, DA., Bernstein, B., & Bilgili, E. (1999). Process for recycling of rubber
materials. United States patent US5904885. Available in: https://patents.google.com/patent/
US5904885A/en.
Asaroa, L., Grattona, M., Segharb, S., & Aït Hocine, N. (2018). Recycling of rubber wastes
by devulcanization. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 250–262. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.016.
Balas, A., Janik, H., Sienkiewicz, M., & Kucińska-Lipka, J. (2014). Rubber-polyurethane composites crosslinked with unsaturated compounds and a method for their obtaining. Polish patent
PL 216096.
Cañavate, J., Carrillo, F., Casas, P., Colom, X., & Suñol, J. J. (2010). The use of waxes and wetting additives to improve compatibility between HDPE and ground tyre rubber. Journal of
Composite Materials, 44(10), 1233–1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309351602.
Cao, X.-W., Luo, J., Cao, Y., Yin, X.-C., He, G.-J., Peng, X.-F., & Xu, B.-P. (2014). Structure and
properties of deeply oxidized waster rubber crumb through long time ozonisation. Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 109, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.014.
Coiai, S., Passaglia, E., Ciardelli, F., Tirelli, D., Peruzzotti, F., & Resmini, E. (2006). Modification
of cross-linked rubber particles by free radical polymerization. Macromolecular Symposia,
234(1), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200650225.
Colom, X., Cañavate, J., Carrillo, F., & Suñol, J. J. (2009). Effect of the particle size and acid pretreatments on compatibility and properties of recycled HDPE plastic bottles filled with ground
tyre powder. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112(4), 1882–1890. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.29611.
Colom, X., Canavate, J., Carrillo, F., Velasco, J. I., Pages, P., Mujal, R., & Nogues, F. (2006).
Structural and mechanical studies on modified reused tyres composites. European Polymer
Journal, 42(10), 2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.06.005.
Crespo, J. E., Parres, F., & Nadal, A. (2012). Comparative study of the presence of latex and
polychloroprene in the behavior of sintered powder EPDMCR, ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer crumb rubber. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 44(2), 127–144. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0095244311418318.
4 Reactive Processing and Functionalization of Ground Tire Rubber
promising approaches to increase the level of tire waste recycling. Proper treatment
of GTR has usually improved chemical reactions and physical interactions between
GTR particles and the polymer matrix. However, the repeatability of the functionalization/modification process and the storage stability of the treated GTR should be
investigated. In addition, the modification and functionalization of GTR by continuous methods (e.g. reactive extrusion) should be developed in the near future, which
is related to greater efficiency of these methods and, consequently, an easier implementation of the laboratory results on an industrial scale.
Acknowledgments Financial support from the National Centre for Research and Development
(NCBR, Poland) in the frame of LIDER/6/0035/L-8/16/NCBR/2017 project is gratefully
acknowledged.
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdel-Bary, E. M., Dessouki, A. M., El-Nesr, E. M., & Hassan, M. M. (1997). Radiation-induced
graft copolymerization of some vinyl monomers onto waste rubber powder. Polymer Plastics
Technology and Engineering, 36(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559708000617.
Arastoopour, H., Schocke, DA., Bernstein, B., & Bilgili, E. (1999). Process for recycling of rubber
materials. United States patent US5904885. Available in: https://patents.google.com/patent/
US5904885A/en.
Asaroa, L., Grattona, M., Segharb, S., & Aït Hocine, N. (2018). Recycling of rubber wastes
by devulcanization. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 250–262. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.016.
Balas, A., Janik, H., Sienkiewicz, M., & Kucińska-Lipka, J. (2014). Rubber-polyurethane composites crosslinked with unsaturated compounds and a method for their obtaining. Polish patent
PL 216096.
Cañavate, J., Carrillo, F., Casas, P., Colom, X., & Suñol, J. J. (2010). The use of waxes and wetting additives to improve compatibility between HDPE and ground tyre rubber. Journal of
Composite Materials, 44(10), 1233–1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309351602.
Cao, X.-W., Luo, J., Cao, Y., Yin, X.-C., He, G.-J., Peng, X.-F., & Xu, B.-P. (2014). Structure and
properties of deeply oxidized waster rubber crumb through long time ozonisation. Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 109, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.014.
Coiai, S., Passaglia, E., Ciardelli, F., Tirelli, D., Peruzzotti, F., & Resmini, E. (2006). Modification
of cross-linked rubber particles by free radical polymerization. Macromolecular Symposia,
234(1), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200650225.
Colom, X., Cañavate, J., Carrillo, F., & Suñol, J. J. (2009). Effect of the particle size and acid pretreatments on compatibility and properties of recycled HDPE plastic bottles filled with ground
tyre powder. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112(4), 1882–1890. https://doi.org/10.1002/
app.29611.
Colom, X., Canavate, J., Carrillo, F., Velasco, J. I., Pages, P., Mujal, R., & Nogues, F. (2006).
Structural and mechanical studies on modified reused tyres composites. European Polymer
Journal, 42(10), 2369–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.06.005.
Crespo, J. E., Parres, F., & Nadal, A. (2012). Comparative study of the presence of latex and
polychloroprene in the behavior of sintered powder EPDMCR, ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer crumb rubber. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 44(2), 127–144. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0095244311418318.
4 Reactive Processing and Functionalization of Ground Tire Rubber