31
while Chen et al. (2018) reported that non-woven polypropylene sheets were modified by grafting of 3-isopropenyl-α,α′-dimethylbenzene isocyanate and then deposition, followed by dopamine self-polymerization to improve hydrophilicity.
The conductive PEDT/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) mixture can also be incorporated into materials such as polyester and cotton by dipping the substrates into the
monomer solutions followed by chemical oxidation, or depositing a solution of the
monomers in ethylene glycol and substrate heating (Opwis et al. 2012; Tessarolo
et al. 2018). Other conductive polymers such as polypyrrole and polyaniline can
also be deposited on cotton and polyester by in situ self-polymerization induced by
chemical oxidation with reagents such as ammonium peroxydisulfate and ferric
chloride (Engin and Usta 2014; Bajgar et al. 2016; Maráková et al. 2017; Ayad et al.
2018; Lee and Park 2018; Zhao et al. 2018). Better conductivity can be obtained as
long as conductive substances such as graphene oxide are added to the textile substrate (polymer) (Yaghoubidoust et al. 2014).
Kopecká et al. (2014) and Bober et al. (2015) have suggested that precipitated
conductive polymers may adopt rod shapes, rather than globular shapes, if chemical
oxidation is initiated in the presence of ‘structure-guiding agents’ such as methyl
orange. Conductive polymers can also be deposited by electrochemical oxidation of
their monomers, as demonstrated by Mao et al. (2018) using polypyrrole and polyvinyl ferrocene on carbon fiber substrates.
Conductive polymers such as PEDT, poly(3,4-dimethylthiophene), poly(3methylthiophene) and poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene), have also been deposited on
textile substrates by chemical vapor deposition of the monomer followed by its
polymerization with catalysts such as bromine plasma radicals or sublimed ferric
chloride (Jahan Biglari et al. 2014; Cheng et al. 2017; Pistillo et al. 2017; Zhang
et al. 2017a, b). Stempien et al. (2015) deposited the conductive tracks of polyaniline and polypyrrole on textile surfaces by using an inkjet printer, using separate
printheads for the monomers and the oxidant (ammonium peroxydisulfate), thus
placing the monomer first and then the oxidant or vice versa. Ionic polymers can be
deposited on charged substrates such as cellulosics simply by immersing substrates
in polymer solutions.
The plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from the argon atmosphere has
also been used to deposit hexamethyldisiloxane and perfluorohexane on p-aramid
and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers (Struszczyk et al. 2014;
Struszczyk et al. 2017). Other polymers deposited with a similar method are hexamethyldisiloxane and tetraethylorthosilicate (Kale and Palaskar 2012a, b).
Polysiloxanes have also been deposited on polyester fabrics simply by exposing
substrates to monomer vapors (Zheng et al. 2017). Wu et al. (2015) deposited
sodium alginate on cotton by precipitation with calcium chloride of a solution containing an active substance, which allowed the encapsulation of the active substance
in sodium alginate precipitates.
Multiple layers of polymers deposited on substrates such as cellulose and polyamide can also be built up using the ‘layer-by-layer’ technique, by successive alternating immersions between polyanions and polycations. Examples of this method
include treatments with Cs and poly(sodium phosphate) (Mateos et al. 2014), Cs
3 Reactive Modification of Fiber Polymer Materials for Textile Applications
while Chen et al. (2018) reported that non-woven polypropylene sheets were modified by grafting of 3-isopropenyl-α,α′-dimethylbenzene isocyanate and then deposition, followed by dopamine self-polymerization to improve hydrophilicity.
The conductive PEDT/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) mixture can also be incorporated into materials such as polyester and cotton by dipping the substrates into the
monomer solutions followed by chemical oxidation, or depositing a solution of the
monomers in ethylene glycol and substrate heating (Opwis et al. 2012; Tessarolo
et al. 2018). Other conductive polymers such as polypyrrole and polyaniline can
also be deposited on cotton and polyester by in situ self-polymerization induced by
chemical oxidation with reagents such as ammonium peroxydisulfate and ferric
chloride (Engin and Usta 2014; Bajgar et al. 2016; Maráková et al. 2017; Ayad et al.
2018; Lee and Park 2018; Zhao et al. 2018). Better conductivity can be obtained as
long as conductive substances such as graphene oxide are added to the textile substrate (polymer) (Yaghoubidoust et al. 2014).
Kopecká et al. (2014) and Bober et al. (2015) have suggested that precipitated
conductive polymers may adopt rod shapes, rather than globular shapes, if chemical
oxidation is initiated in the presence of ‘structure-guiding agents’ such as methyl
orange. Conductive polymers can also be deposited by electrochemical oxidation of
their monomers, as demonstrated by Mao et al. (2018) using polypyrrole and polyvinyl ferrocene on carbon fiber substrates.
Conductive polymers such as PEDT, poly(3,4-dimethylthiophene), poly(3methylthiophene) and poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene), have also been deposited on
textile substrates by chemical vapor deposition of the monomer followed by its
polymerization with catalysts such as bromine plasma radicals or sublimed ferric
chloride (Jahan Biglari et al. 2014; Cheng et al. 2017; Pistillo et al. 2017; Zhang
et al. 2017a, b). Stempien et al. (2015) deposited the conductive tracks of polyaniline and polypyrrole on textile surfaces by using an inkjet printer, using separate
printheads for the monomers and the oxidant (ammonium peroxydisulfate), thus
placing the monomer first and then the oxidant or vice versa. Ionic polymers can be
deposited on charged substrates such as cellulosics simply by immersing substrates
in polymer solutions.
The plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from the argon atmosphere has
also been used to deposit hexamethyldisiloxane and perfluorohexane on p-aramid
and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers (Struszczyk et al. 2014;
Struszczyk et al. 2017). Other polymers deposited with a similar method are hexamethyldisiloxane and tetraethylorthosilicate (Kale and Palaskar 2012a, b).
Polysiloxanes have also been deposited on polyester fabrics simply by exposing
substrates to monomer vapors (Zheng et al. 2017). Wu et al. (2015) deposited
sodium alginate on cotton by precipitation with calcium chloride of a solution containing an active substance, which allowed the encapsulation of the active substance
in sodium alginate precipitates.
Multiple layers of polymers deposited on substrates such as cellulose and polyamide can also be built up using the ‘layer-by-layer’ technique, by successive alternating immersions between polyanions and polycations. Examples of this method
include treatments with Cs and poly(sodium phosphate) (Mateos et al. 2014), Cs
3 Reactive Modification of Fiber Polymer Materials for Textile Applications