29
Brown et al. (2016) and Chi et al. (2019) worked on the joint grafting of acrylonitrile and tert-butyl acrylate onto polyvinyl chloride fibers using a copper bromide/
tris(2- dimethylaminoethyl)amine complex as catalyst in ethylene carbonate medium
at 65 °C. Lindqvist and Malmström (2006) using the same catalyst, grafted methyl
acrylate into cellulose fibers previously modified by treatment with 2- bromisobutyryl
bromide. Lu et al. (2018) functionalized cellulose first using 2-bromisobutyryl bromide, and then was grafted with diallyl dimethylammonium chloride using as a
catalyst cupric bromide/N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in ultrapure
water at 50 °C. A similar process was used by Hansson et al. (2015), ter Schiphorst
et al. (2016), Arteta et al. (2017) and Wang and Wei (2018), for grafting methyl
methacrylate onto cellulose filter paper, N-isopropylacrylamide onto cotton fabrics,
lauryl acrylate onto cellulose fibers and N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide onto vegetable loofah fibers, respectively.
Cotton was grafted by Jia et al. (2018) from glycidyl methacrylate at 40 °C under
an argon atmosphere, first brominating the fibers with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide,
and then they were treated in a dimethylformamide bath containing the monomers
and cupric bromide/2,2-bipyridine as catalyst. A similar method was used by Liu
et al. (2017) to modify the cotton fibers by grafting from 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate
potassium salt. Liu et al. (2018) also functionalized polypropylene hollow fibers
first by treating with dopamine to introduce hydroxyl groups, then were brominated with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide, followed by treatment with acrylamide in
DMF using a cuprous bromide/cupric bromide/(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl) amine
mixture as catalyst.
3.2.3.3.2 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP)
This reaction proceeds under the mediation of a nitroxide radical derived from an
alkoxyamine, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidynyl-N-oxy (TEMPO). The
nitroxide radicals do not react with each other or with the monomers, but they react
reversibly with the propagating chain ends, thus establishing an equilibrium between
the active and dormant states. The advantage of this method is that no additional
catalysts are required, but a disadvantage is that the activation of chain propagation
is often thermally induced and, therefore, temperature sensitive monomers cannot
be used.
Daly et al. (2001) treated hydroxypropylcellulose first with N-hydroxypyridine-2thione esters, and then mixed with styrene and TEMPO in dimethylformamide followed by exposure to visible light to create grafts onto polystyrene chains.
Polyvinylidene fluoride was functionalized by Holmberg et al. (2004) using polystyrene irradiated with electronic radiation, followed by immersion in a solution of
TEMPO in toluene and then immersing the fibers in the monomer. Karaj-Abad et al.
(2016) treated cellulose first with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide in tetrahydrofuran, the
attached bromine moieties were then converted into 4-oxy-2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin- 1-oxyl groups, and the substrate was then grafted with styrene
and methyl methacrylate to obtain block copolymers.
3 Reactive Modification of Fiber Polymer Materials for Textile Applications
Brown et al. (2016) and Chi et al. (2019) worked on the joint grafting of acrylonitrile and tert-butyl acrylate onto polyvinyl chloride fibers using a copper bromide/
tris(2- dimethylaminoethyl)amine complex as catalyst in ethylene carbonate medium
at 65 °C. Lindqvist and Malmström (2006) using the same catalyst, grafted methyl
acrylate into cellulose fibers previously modified by treatment with 2- bromisobutyryl
bromide. Lu et al. (2018) functionalized cellulose first using 2-bromisobutyryl bromide, and then was grafted with diallyl dimethylammonium chloride using as a
catalyst cupric bromide/N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in ultrapure
water at 50 °C. A similar process was used by Hansson et al. (2015), ter Schiphorst
et al. (2016), Arteta et al. (2017) and Wang and Wei (2018), for grafting methyl
methacrylate onto cellulose filter paper, N-isopropylacrylamide onto cotton fabrics,
lauryl acrylate onto cellulose fibers and N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide onto vegetable loofah fibers, respectively.
Cotton was grafted by Jia et al. (2018) from glycidyl methacrylate at 40 °C under
an argon atmosphere, first brominating the fibers with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide,
and then they were treated in a dimethylformamide bath containing the monomers
and cupric bromide/2,2-bipyridine as catalyst. A similar method was used by Liu
et al. (2017) to modify the cotton fibers by grafting from 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate
potassium salt. Liu et al. (2018) also functionalized polypropylene hollow fibers
first by treating with dopamine to introduce hydroxyl groups, then were brominated with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide, followed by treatment with acrylamide in
DMF using a cuprous bromide/cupric bromide/(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl) amine
mixture as catalyst.
3.2.3.3.2 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP)
This reaction proceeds under the mediation of a nitroxide radical derived from an
alkoxyamine, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidynyl-N-oxy (TEMPO). The
nitroxide radicals do not react with each other or with the monomers, but they react
reversibly with the propagating chain ends, thus establishing an equilibrium between
the active and dormant states. The advantage of this method is that no additional
catalysts are required, but a disadvantage is that the activation of chain propagation
is often thermally induced and, therefore, temperature sensitive monomers cannot
be used.
Daly et al. (2001) treated hydroxypropylcellulose first with N-hydroxypyridine-2thione esters, and then mixed with styrene and TEMPO in dimethylformamide followed by exposure to visible light to create grafts onto polystyrene chains.
Polyvinylidene fluoride was functionalized by Holmberg et al. (2004) using polystyrene irradiated with electronic radiation, followed by immersion in a solution of
TEMPO in toluene and then immersing the fibers in the monomer. Karaj-Abad et al.
(2016) treated cellulose first with 2-bromisobutyryl bromide in tetrahydrofuran, the
attached bromine moieties were then converted into 4-oxy-2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin- 1-oxyl groups, and the substrate was then grafted with styrene
and methyl methacrylate to obtain block copolymers.
3 Reactive Modification of Fiber Polymer Materials for Textile Applications