nanofiltration membrane separation process can be used for the acid enrichment.
This product is then fed to the fermenter.
Wine is required to be filtered after primary fermentation, and microfiltration or
diafiltration is commonly used for this purpose. Thereafter, the wine is kept for
secondary fermentation in wood barrels or stainless steel tanks. The wine is again
filtered after the completion of the secondary fermentation process by using conventional kieselguhr filtration or microfiltration. However, microfiltration due to its
advantages is recommended for better results. Microfiltration membrane separation
process is carried out by using polymeric hollow fiber or ceramic tubular membranes
with pore size in the range of 0.2–0.65 μm. Thus, the wine is successfully separated,
purified, and sterilized by using membrane separation processes. Moreover, electrodialysis is also employed before the bottling of wines so as to remove the tartrate
salts that affect the wine quality. Electrodialysis is better and efficient method than
the conventional method of tartrate salts removal. Conventionally, the wine is cooled
to remove the tartrate salts, but this method is not efficient enough. Therefore,
electrodialysis is recommended for better wine production. Furthermore, membrane
contactors can also be used for the direct removal of alcohol from the wine and for
the production of dealcoholized water. This water can be used for different purposes
in the wine industry. Likewise, pervaporation membrane separation process is also
effective and efficient for alcohol removal from wine, but it is not recommended as
higher chances are there of the loss of characteristic flavors of the wine. In addition,
microfiltration membrane separation process can also be used for the wine recovery
from wine lees, the left out sediments (yeast, fining agents, seeds, and little amount
of wine) at the bottom of the storage tanks making the whole process of wine making
effective and efficient. Lastly, the membrane separation processes are also used for
either rejuvenating or adding extra colors, flavors, and antioxidants to the produced
wine. This will aid in enhancing the overall quality and flavor of the produced wine
which results in its high demand and profit.
5 Future Perspectives of Membranes in Bioprocess
Engineering
This section discusses about the role of membranes in the future of bioprocess
engineering. Including, the areas where expertise of membrane science will be useful
and appropriate for the growth and development of bioprocess engineering. Some of
the main areas in this field, namely, development of artificial organs, selective drug
delivery, and responsiveness to an external stimulus, are discussed. Membranes play
an important role in the sustainable development of these areas and help in the
advancement of the bioprocess engineering in the future.
18
R. Singh et al.
This product is then fed to the fermenter.
Wine is required to be filtered after primary fermentation, and microfiltration or
diafiltration is commonly used for this purpose. Thereafter, the wine is kept for
secondary fermentation in wood barrels or stainless steel tanks. The wine is again
filtered after the completion of the secondary fermentation process by using conventional kieselguhr filtration or microfiltration. However, microfiltration due to its
advantages is recommended for better results. Microfiltration membrane separation
process is carried out by using polymeric hollow fiber or ceramic tubular membranes
with pore size in the range of 0.2–0.65 μm. Thus, the wine is successfully separated,
purified, and sterilized by using membrane separation processes. Moreover, electrodialysis is also employed before the bottling of wines so as to remove the tartrate
salts that affect the wine quality. Electrodialysis is better and efficient method than
the conventional method of tartrate salts removal. Conventionally, the wine is cooled
to remove the tartrate salts, but this method is not efficient enough. Therefore,
electrodialysis is recommended for better wine production. Furthermore, membrane
contactors can also be used for the direct removal of alcohol from the wine and for
the production of dealcoholized water. This water can be used for different purposes
in the wine industry. Likewise, pervaporation membrane separation process is also
effective and efficient for alcohol removal from wine, but it is not recommended as
higher chances are there of the loss of characteristic flavors of the wine. In addition,
microfiltration membrane separation process can also be used for the wine recovery
from wine lees, the left out sediments (yeast, fining agents, seeds, and little amount
of wine) at the bottom of the storage tanks making the whole process of wine making
effective and efficient. Lastly, the membrane separation processes are also used for
either rejuvenating or adding extra colors, flavors, and antioxidants to the produced
wine. This will aid in enhancing the overall quality and flavor of the produced wine
which results in its high demand and profit.
5 Future Perspectives of Membranes in Bioprocess
Engineering
This section discusses about the role of membranes in the future of bioprocess
engineering. Including, the areas where expertise of membrane science will be useful
and appropriate for the growth and development of bioprocess engineering. Some of
the main areas in this field, namely, development of artificial organs, selective drug
delivery, and responsiveness to an external stimulus, are discussed. Membranes play
an important role in the sustainable development of these areas and help in the
advancement of the bioprocess engineering in the future.
18
R. Singh et al.