recovered the nutritional and physicochemical properties after integrated membrane
separation processes [20]. K.S. Youn et al. (2004) developed a series of
microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane processes for clarification of apple
juice concentrate (cloudy, 45
Brix). Permeability flux increases with filter aid
(bentonite) pre-treatment and produced good quality of apple juice with lower
membrane fouling [21]. B. K. Nandi et al. (2009) studied the microfiltration membrane processes for mosambi juice with low cost kaolin-based ceramic membranes.
Various pore blocking models had been used to analyze the decline in permeate flux
[22]. Membrane distillation (MD) employs microporous hydrophobic membrane to
separate two liquids which are at different temperatures; it is temperature-driven
process and operated at atmospheric pressure, since MD keeps a good potential as an
alternative to the pressure-driven processes [23]. A few of the major issues hindering
the development of membrane operations for juice clarification, such as
microfiltration and ultrafiltration in the fruit juices clarification, are primarily related
to the membrane fouling. Fouling can affect membrane life span and results in
decrease of permeate flux. Novelty in cleaning methods can benefit in extensive
applicability of these methods in the juice industry. Some applications of membrane
distillation processes are given in Table 3.
4.3 Skim Milk and Cheese Production
Skim milk production is nowadays carried out by using various membrane separation processes, such as ultrafiltration. The skim milk is standardized, concentrated,
and fractionated as per need by using membrane separation processes while keeping
the natural milk flavor and contents intact. This enhances the customer satisfaction
Table 2 Depectinization of fruit juices with membrane-based processes [17]
Fruit juice
Enzyme
Filtration process
Transmembrane pressure
(kPa)
Lemon
Novozym 33,095
Filter paper
By gravity
Pomegranate Fungus
(F. fomentarius)
Carbosep M2
200
Kiwifruit
Pectinex ultra SP - L PVDF UF membrane
process
85
Table 3 Membrane distillation applications in fruit juice processing [17]
Membrane type
MD configuration
Fruit juice
Hollow fiber, polypropylene
DCMD
Apple
MFK3, flat sheet, polyvinylidene fluoride
DCMD
Apple
K150, flat sheet, polytetrafluoroethylene
VMD
Blackcurrant
Millipore, flat sheet
DCMD
Orange juice
Enka Microdyn, hollow fiber, polypropylene
DCMD
Apple
Membrane Technology in Bioprocess Engineering
15
separation processes [20]. K.S. Youn et al. (2004) developed a series of
microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane processes for clarification of apple
juice concentrate (cloudy, 45
Brix). Permeability flux increases with filter aid
(bentonite) pre-treatment and produced good quality of apple juice with lower
membrane fouling [21]. B. K. Nandi et al. (2009) studied the microfiltration membrane processes for mosambi juice with low cost kaolin-based ceramic membranes.
Various pore blocking models had been used to analyze the decline in permeate flux
[22]. Membrane distillation (MD) employs microporous hydrophobic membrane to
separate two liquids which are at different temperatures; it is temperature-driven
process and operated at atmospheric pressure, since MD keeps a good potential as an
alternative to the pressure-driven processes [23]. A few of the major issues hindering
the development of membrane operations for juice clarification, such as
microfiltration and ultrafiltration in the fruit juices clarification, are primarily related
to the membrane fouling. Fouling can affect membrane life span and results in
decrease of permeate flux. Novelty in cleaning methods can benefit in extensive
applicability of these methods in the juice industry. Some applications of membrane
distillation processes are given in Table 3.
4.3 Skim Milk and Cheese Production
Skim milk production is nowadays carried out by using various membrane separation processes, such as ultrafiltration. The skim milk is standardized, concentrated,
and fractionated as per need by using membrane separation processes while keeping
the natural milk flavor and contents intact. This enhances the customer satisfaction
Table 2 Depectinization of fruit juices with membrane-based processes [17]
Fruit juice
Enzyme
Filtration process
Transmembrane pressure
(kPa)
Lemon
Novozym 33,095
Filter paper
By gravity
Pomegranate Fungus
(F. fomentarius)
Carbosep M2
200
Kiwifruit
Pectinex ultra SP - L PVDF UF membrane
process
85
Table 3 Membrane distillation applications in fruit juice processing [17]
Membrane type
MD configuration
Fruit juice
Hollow fiber, polypropylene
DCMD
Apple
MFK3, flat sheet, polyvinylidene fluoride
DCMD
Apple
K150, flat sheet, polytetrafluoroethylene
VMD
Blackcurrant
Millipore, flat sheet
DCMD
Orange juice
Enka Microdyn, hollow fiber, polypropylene
DCMD
Apple
Membrane Technology in Bioprocess Engineering
15