be immobilized and used for biosorption. The column for continuous biosorption
may be fixed bed or fluidized bed.
Factors influence the biosorption such as temperature, pH, Biomass concentration, contact time influences the selection of process. These parameters can be
optimized by statistical methods such as response surface methodology, etc. When
contact time and biomass concentration needs to be high, batch process can be
selected. Continuous process can be selected when the biomass concentration
required is less so that it can process more feed.
The biomass can be regenerated by reversing the biosorption conditions. Alteration of pH by adding acids or bases and addition of chelating groups and organic
solvents are common methods for the desorption of the adsorbate from the adsorbent. The biosorbent free of adsorbate can be reused for further processes.
The adsorption equilibrium can be analysed by various adsorption isotherm
models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, Dubinin–Radushkevich,
Temkin, Sips, Koble–Corrigan and Harkin–Jura models.
References
1. De Gisi S, Lofrano G, Grassi M, Notarnicola M (2016) Characteristics and adsorption capacities
of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: a review. Sustain Mater Technol 9:10–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.002
2. Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RM, Norli I, Kadir MO (2018) Potential of bacterial
consortium for removal of cephalexin from aqueous solution. J Assoc Arab Univ Basic Appl Sci
24(1):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.09.002
3. Verma S, Kuila A (2019) Bioremediation of heavy metals by microbial process. Environ
Technol Innov 14:100369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100369
4. Cheng SY, Show PL, Lau BF, Chang JS, Ling TC (2019) New prospects for modified algae in
heavy metal adsorption. Trends Biotechnol 37(11):1255–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2019.04.007
5. Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P (2019) Characteristics, performances, equilibrium and
kinetic modeling aspects of heavy metal removal using algae. Bioresour Technol Rep
5:261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.07.009
6. Bernardo GR, Rene RM, Ma Catalina AD (2009) Chromium (III) uptake by agro-waste
biosorbents: chemical characterization, sorption-desorption studies, and mechanism. J Hazard
Mater 170(2–3):845–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.046
7. Yu F, Sun L, Zhou Y, Gao B, Gao W, Bao C, Feng C, Li Y (2016) Biosorbents based on
agricultural wastes for ionic liquid removal: an approach to agricultural wastes management.
Chemosphere 165:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.133
8. Somasekhara Reddy MC, Nirmala V (2014) Bengal gram seed husk as an adsorbent for the
removal of dyes from aqueous solutions – column studies. Arab J Chem 12(7):1695–1706.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.08.026
9. Somasekhara Reddy MC, Nirmala V, Ashwini C (2017) Bengal Gram Seed Husk as an
adsorbent for the removal of dye from aqueous solutions – batch studies. Arab J Chem 10:
S2554–S2566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.029
10. Moyo M, Guyo U, Mawenyiyo G, Zinyama NP, Nyamunda BC (2015) Marula seed husk
(Sclerocarya birrea) biomass as a low cost biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from
aqueous solution. J Ind Eng Chem 27:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.026
Material and Process Selection for Biosorption
257
may be fixed bed or fluidized bed.
Factors influence the biosorption such as temperature, pH, Biomass concentration, contact time influences the selection of process. These parameters can be
optimized by statistical methods such as response surface methodology, etc. When
contact time and biomass concentration needs to be high, batch process can be
selected. Continuous process can be selected when the biomass concentration
required is less so that it can process more feed.
The biomass can be regenerated by reversing the biosorption conditions. Alteration of pH by adding acids or bases and addition of chelating groups and organic
solvents are common methods for the desorption of the adsorbate from the adsorbent. The biosorbent free of adsorbate can be reused for further processes.
The adsorption equilibrium can be analysed by various adsorption isotherm
models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, Dubinin–Radushkevich,
Temkin, Sips, Koble–Corrigan and Harkin–Jura models.
References
1. De Gisi S, Lofrano G, Grassi M, Notarnicola M (2016) Characteristics and adsorption capacities
of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: a review. Sustain Mater Technol 9:10–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.002
2. Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RM, Norli I, Kadir MO (2018) Potential of bacterial
consortium for removal of cephalexin from aqueous solution. J Assoc Arab Univ Basic Appl Sci
24(1):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.09.002
3. Verma S, Kuila A (2019) Bioremediation of heavy metals by microbial process. Environ
Technol Innov 14:100369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100369
4. Cheng SY, Show PL, Lau BF, Chang JS, Ling TC (2019) New prospects for modified algae in
heavy metal adsorption. Trends Biotechnol 37(11):1255–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2019.04.007
5. Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P (2019) Characteristics, performances, equilibrium and
kinetic modeling aspects of heavy metal removal using algae. Bioresour Technol Rep
5:261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.07.009
6. Bernardo GR, Rene RM, Ma Catalina AD (2009) Chromium (III) uptake by agro-waste
biosorbents: chemical characterization, sorption-desorption studies, and mechanism. J Hazard
Mater 170(2–3):845–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.046
7. Yu F, Sun L, Zhou Y, Gao B, Gao W, Bao C, Feng C, Li Y (2016) Biosorbents based on
agricultural wastes for ionic liquid removal: an approach to agricultural wastes management.
Chemosphere 165:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.133
8. Somasekhara Reddy MC, Nirmala V (2014) Bengal gram seed husk as an adsorbent for the
removal of dyes from aqueous solutions – column studies. Arab J Chem 12(7):1695–1706.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.08.026
9. Somasekhara Reddy MC, Nirmala V, Ashwini C (2017) Bengal Gram Seed Husk as an
adsorbent for the removal of dye from aqueous solutions – batch studies. Arab J Chem 10:
S2554–S2566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.029
10. Moyo M, Guyo U, Mawenyiyo G, Zinyama NP, Nyamunda BC (2015) Marula seed husk
(Sclerocarya birrea) biomass as a low cost biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from
aqueous solution. J Ind Eng Chem 27:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.026
Material and Process Selection for Biosorption
257