Table 1 Comparison of pre-treatment methods for various biosorbents and adsorbate
Biosorbent
Adsorbate
Pre-treatments
Reference
Bacteria
Micrococcus
luteus
Thorium and
uranium
No pre-treatment
Nakajima,
Tsuruta [20]
Bacillus
sp. (ATS-1)
Copper and
Lead
Drying at 80
C and screening particle
size to 150 μm
Tunali et al.
[21]
Pseudomonas
putida
Lead and
copper
Drying
Uslu and
Tanyol [22]
Bacillus
licheniformis
Chromium
Drying at 80
C
Zhou et al.
[23]
Streptomyces
rimosus
Lead
Drying at 50
C and size reduction to 50–
160 μm. 0.1 M NaOH treatment for
30 min
Selatnia et al.
[24]
Fungi
Aspergillus niger Chromium
Size reduction (grinded); 0.01 N NaOH,
0.1 N H 2 SO 4 , 50% v/v acetone, 10% v/v
formaldehyde, 5% w/v CTAB, 1% w/v
PEI, 3% v/v APTS
Mungasavalli
et al. [25]
Aspergillus niger Mercury
Size reduction (grinding)
Khambhaty
et al. [26]
Aspergillus
fumigatus
Chromium
Size reduction (grinding and sieving
through 150 μm)
Dhal et al.
[27]
Algae
Sargassum
oligocystum
Mercury, cadmium and
copper
Carbonization at 350
C for 2 h and size
reduction to 0.074 mm
Delshab et al.
[28]
Oedogonium
hatei
Nickel
0.1 M HCl treatment for 8 h and size
reduction (150–250 μm)
Gupta et al.
[29]
Anabaena
sphaerica
Lead,
cadmium
Size reduction (0.2 mm)
Abdel-Aty
et al. [30]
Jania rubens
Lead
36% v/v formaldehyde and 0.1 M HCl for
1 h followed by 0.2 M sodium carbonate
solution
Hanbali et al.
[31]
Pelvetia
canaliculata
Ochrophyta
Nickel
0.5 M NaCl treatment
Bhatnagar
et al. [32]
Cystoseira indica Lead, uranium 0.1 CaCl 2 treatment for 3 h and size
reduction (1 mm – 2 mm)
Moghaddam
et al. [33]
Chlorella
vulgaris
Nickel
Size reduction
Aksu [34]
Others
Rice husk
Levofloxacin
Pyrolysis at 300 and 600
C
Yi et al. [17]
Rice husk and
snail shell
composite
Brilliant green Dried, size reduced to 400 μm, mixed and
calcinated at 681.1
C for 2.6 h
Popoola et al.
[35]
(continued)
Material and Process Selection for Biosorption
247
Biosorbent
Adsorbate
Pre-treatments
Reference
Bacteria
Micrococcus
luteus
Thorium and
uranium
No pre-treatment
Nakajima,
Tsuruta [20]
Bacillus
sp. (ATS-1)
Copper and
Lead
Drying at 80
C and screening particle
size to 150 μm
Tunali et al.
[21]
Pseudomonas
putida
Lead and
copper
Drying
Uslu and
Tanyol [22]
Bacillus
licheniformis
Chromium
Drying at 80
C
Zhou et al.
[23]
Streptomyces
rimosus
Lead
Drying at 50
C and size reduction to 50–
160 μm. 0.1 M NaOH treatment for
30 min
Selatnia et al.
[24]
Fungi
Aspergillus niger Chromium
Size reduction (grinded); 0.01 N NaOH,
0.1 N H 2 SO 4 , 50% v/v acetone, 10% v/v
formaldehyde, 5% w/v CTAB, 1% w/v
PEI, 3% v/v APTS
Mungasavalli
et al. [25]
Aspergillus niger Mercury
Size reduction (grinding)
Khambhaty
et al. [26]
Aspergillus
fumigatus
Chromium
Size reduction (grinding and sieving
through 150 μm)
Dhal et al.
[27]
Algae
Sargassum
oligocystum
Mercury, cadmium and
copper
Carbonization at 350
C for 2 h and size
reduction to 0.074 mm
Delshab et al.
[28]
Oedogonium
hatei
Nickel
0.1 M HCl treatment for 8 h and size
reduction (150–250 μm)
Gupta et al.
[29]
Anabaena
sphaerica
Lead,
cadmium
Size reduction (0.2 mm)
Abdel-Aty
et al. [30]
Jania rubens
Lead
36% v/v formaldehyde and 0.1 M HCl for
1 h followed by 0.2 M sodium carbonate
solution
Hanbali et al.
[31]
Pelvetia
canaliculata
Ochrophyta
Nickel
0.5 M NaCl treatment
Bhatnagar
et al. [32]
Cystoseira indica Lead, uranium 0.1 CaCl 2 treatment for 3 h and size
reduction (1 mm – 2 mm)
Moghaddam
et al. [33]
Chlorella
vulgaris
Nickel
Size reduction
Aksu [34]
Others
Rice husk
Levofloxacin
Pyrolysis at 300 and 600
C
Yi et al. [17]
Rice husk and
snail shell
composite
Brilliant green Dried, size reduced to 400 μm, mixed and
calcinated at 681.1
C for 2.6 h
Popoola et al.
[35]
(continued)
Material and Process Selection for Biosorption
247