Table 5
Energy intensification of woody and algal species
Temp (
C)
C
H
N
S
O
H/C
O/C
HHV
MJ/kg
ED
Ref
PS
Raw
52.5
6.32
0.10
0.05
40.6
1.44
0.29
29.98
Biochar
HTL
250
72.4
6.31
0.78
–
20.51
1.05
0.11
34.84
1.162
[34]
Biocrude
HTL
250
63.5
6.78
0.65
–
29.07
1.28
0.17
33.17
1.107
RS
Raw
36.81
5.025
1.059
0.416
56.69
1.64
0.58
24.69
Biochar
HTC
220
45.50
4.43
1.56
0.15
21.59
1.17
0.18
23.37
0.947
[53]
Biocrude
HTL
300
71.34
8.509
1.451
0.211
18.489
1.43
0.10
36.89
1.494
[40]
BW
Raw
49.1
5.7
0.3
0.05
44.5
1.39
0.34
28.47
Biochar
HTC
210
56.9
5.7
0.3
0.2
36.9
1.20
0.24
30.42
1.069
[54]
Biocrude
HTL
300
68.2
6.8
–
–
27.3
1.20
0.15
34.64
1.217
[55]
CC
Raw
43.1
5.8
0.23
0.12
44.6
1.61
0.39
26.51
Biochar
HTC
210
56.7
4.72
0.53
0.06
31.5
1.00
0.21
28.63
1.080
[56]
Biocrude
HTL
280
63.0
6.87
0.42
1.31
28.82
1.31
0.17
33.21
1.253
[57]
NS
Raw
49.93
7.91
6.33
0.64
28.71
1.90
0.22
29.88
Biochar
HTC
210
54.89
6.42
5.98
0.50
21.79
1.40
0.15
29.12
0.975
[44]
Biocrude
HTC
250
72.65
10.19
5.13
0.42
10.88
1.68
0.06
38.61
1.292
EP
Raw
35.20
5.20
2.10
–
32.98
1.77
0.35
21.86
Biocrude
HTL
290
69.2
6.8
3.9
–
20.1
1.18
0.11
34.31
1.570
[45]
SP
Raw
46.16
7.14
10.56
0.74
35.44
1.86
0.29
28.43
Biocrude
HTL
350
73.73
8.90
6.30
0.90
10.17
1.45
0.05
37.46
1.318
[58]
PS
pine sawdust, RS
rice Straw, BW
beech wood, CC
Corncob, NS Nannochloropsis
sp., EP Enteromorpha prolifera, SP Streptomyces platensis
218
C. D. Venkatachalam et al.