algae belong to the division Thallophyta of the subkingdom Cryptogamae in the
kingdom Plantae. There are major differences in the structure and composition of
both biomasses. For a terrestrial lignocellulosic plant, the cell wall is made of
uniformly arranged layers of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin [5]. It also
contains smaller amounts of proteins, soluble extractives, sugars, nitrogenous amino
compounds, resins, waxes, oils, chlorophyll, and ash [6]. While the main
Table 1 Biomass classification based on the source
Source
Type
Example
Forest
Forestry plantations from
natural forests and
woodlands
Wooden blocks, logs and sticks
Forestry by-products
Wood chips; tree branches from thinning; bark
Agricultural
wastes
Plants and agricultural
residue
Cane trash; stover, straw, hay from small grains;
cobs (corn, maize); stalk (cotton, jute, hemp, flax,
kenaf); shells (almond, pistachio, walnut, pecan,
macadamia, Brazil nut, hazelnut, peanut, olive);
pith(coconut, palm, date, peach, Sabal); seed
burs, pods, leaves, and roots
Shrubs and herbaceous green
residue
Garden wastes, shrubs, creepers, reeds, grasses
(switch, canary, and Coastal Bermuda)
Livestock waste
Animal waste (cattle, goat, sheep, pigs) and
poultry
Others
Weeds and aquatic plants
Algae
Fresh water and marine
Green algae (Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae,
Micromonadophyceae, Pleurastrophyceae);
brown algae (Phaeophyceae); dinoflagellates
(Dinophyceae); diatoms (Cryptophyceae); red
algae (Rhodellophyceae,
Compsopogonophyceae); euglenoids
(Euglenophyceae)
Industry
Wood and lumber industry
residues
Waste wood residue from timber mills and saw
mills (barks, chips, offcuts, and sawdust);
Food industry residues
Sugarcane bagasse; starch residue (potatoes, yam,
cassava, sugar beet, tapioca, sweet sorghum); fruit
peels; residues such as husks, hulls, and shells
(barley, cereal, rice, wheat, maize, rye, and oil
seeds like cottonseed, linseed, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.)
Meat processing industry
waste
Poultry houses and slaughterhouse wastes, wastes
from dairies and fisheries
Others
Winery wastes, distillery ethanolic wastes, paper
industry wastes such as pulp, black liquor, and
cellulosic sludge
Domestic
Organic waste
Food waste materials, kitchen-generated vegetable wastes and used cooking oil; sewage sludge
Municipal waste
Food waste, plastics, paper, rubber, leather, wood,
cardboard, cloth rags, and inerts
Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass into Fuel and Fine Chemicals
203
kingdom Plantae. There are major differences in the structure and composition of
both biomasses. For a terrestrial lignocellulosic plant, the cell wall is made of
uniformly arranged layers of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin [5]. It also
contains smaller amounts of proteins, soluble extractives, sugars, nitrogenous amino
compounds, resins, waxes, oils, chlorophyll, and ash [6]. While the main
Table 1 Biomass classification based on the source
Source
Type
Example
Forest
Forestry plantations from
natural forests and
woodlands
Wooden blocks, logs and sticks
Forestry by-products
Wood chips; tree branches from thinning; bark
Agricultural
wastes
Plants and agricultural
residue
Cane trash; stover, straw, hay from small grains;
cobs (corn, maize); stalk (cotton, jute, hemp, flax,
kenaf); shells (almond, pistachio, walnut, pecan,
macadamia, Brazil nut, hazelnut, peanut, olive);
pith(coconut, palm, date, peach, Sabal); seed
burs, pods, leaves, and roots
Shrubs and herbaceous green
residue
Garden wastes, shrubs, creepers, reeds, grasses
(switch, canary, and Coastal Bermuda)
Livestock waste
Animal waste (cattle, goat, sheep, pigs) and
poultry
Others
Weeds and aquatic plants
Algae
Fresh water and marine
Green algae (Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae,
Micromonadophyceae, Pleurastrophyceae);
brown algae (Phaeophyceae); dinoflagellates
(Dinophyceae); diatoms (Cryptophyceae); red
algae (Rhodellophyceae,
Compsopogonophyceae); euglenoids
(Euglenophyceae)
Industry
Wood and lumber industry
residues
Waste wood residue from timber mills and saw
mills (barks, chips, offcuts, and sawdust);
Food industry residues
Sugarcane bagasse; starch residue (potatoes, yam,
cassava, sugar beet, tapioca, sweet sorghum); fruit
peels; residues such as husks, hulls, and shells
(barley, cereal, rice, wheat, maize, rye, and oil
seeds like cottonseed, linseed, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.)
Meat processing industry
waste
Poultry houses and slaughterhouse wastes, wastes
from dairies and fisheries
Others
Winery wastes, distillery ethanolic wastes, paper
industry wastes such as pulp, black liquor, and
cellulosic sludge
Domestic
Organic waste
Food waste materials, kitchen-generated vegetable wastes and used cooking oil; sewage sludge
Municipal waste
Food waste, plastics, paper, rubber, leather, wood,
cardboard, cloth rags, and inerts
Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass into Fuel and Fine Chemicals
203