Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Funding provided by U.S. DOE Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies
Office. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the
U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable,
worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of
this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
References
1. Becker EW (1994) Microalgae—biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
2. Pignolet O, Jubeau S, Vaca-Garcia C, Michaud
P (2013) Highly valuable microalgae: biochemical and topological aspects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:781–796. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10295-013-1281-7
3. Lourenc ¸o S, Barbarino E (1998) Distribution
of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae:
basis for the calculation of specific nitrogen-toprotein conversion factors. J Phycol
811:798–811
4. Templeton DW, Laurens LML (2015)
Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors revisited for applications of microalgal biomass conversion to food, feed and fuel. Algal Res
11:359–367.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
algal.2015.07.013
5. Koru E (2012) Earth food Spirulina (Arthrospira): production and quality standarts. In:
El-Samragy Y (ed) Food addit. InTech, Rijeka,
pp 191–203
6. Garcia MDC, Lopez CVG, Fernandez FGA
et al (2010) Protein measurements of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass. Bioresour
Technol 101:7587–7591. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.Biortech.2010.04.077
7. Servaites JC, Faeth JL, Sidhu SS (2012) A dye
binding method for measurement of total protein in microalgae. Anal Biochem 421:75–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.047
8. Slocombe SP, Ross M, Thomas N et al (2013)
A rapid and general method for measurement
of protein in micro-algal biomass. Bioresour
Technol 129:51–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biortech.2012.10.163
9. Redinbaugh MG, Turley RB (1986) Adaptation of the bicinchoninic acid protein assay for
use with microtiter plates and sucrose gradient
fractions. Anal Biochem 153:267–271
10. Laurens LML, Van Wychen S, McAllister JP
et al (2014) Strain, biochemistry, and
cultivation-dependent measurement variability
of algal biomass composition. Anal Biochem
452:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.
2014.02.009
11. AOAC (1997) Amino acids in feeds. Official
Method 994.12
12. Mosse J (1990) Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor for ten cereals and six legumes or
oilseeds. A reappraisal of its definition and
determination. Variation according to species
and to seed protein content. J Agric Food
Chem 38:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jf00091a004
13. Lourenc ¸o SO, Barbarino E, Marquez UML,
Aidar E (1998) Distribution of intracellular
nitrogen in marine microalgae: Basis for the
calculation of specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. J Phycol 34:798–811
14. Lourenc ¸o SO, Barbarino E, Lavı ´n PL et al
(2004) Distribution of intracellular nitrogen
in marine microalgae: calculation of new
nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. Eur J
Phycol 39:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/
0967026032000157156
15. Lourenco SO, Barbarino E, De-Paula JC et al
(2002) Amino acid composition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein
conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds.
Protein Content Determination in Microalgae
241
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under
Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Funding provided by U.S. DOE Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies
Office. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the
U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable,
worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of
this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
References
1. Becker EW (1994) Microalgae—biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
2. Pignolet O, Jubeau S, Vaca-Garcia C, Michaud
P (2013) Highly valuable microalgae: biochemical and topological aspects. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:781–796. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10295-013-1281-7
3. Lourenc ¸o S, Barbarino E (1998) Distribution
of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae:
basis for the calculation of specific nitrogen-toprotein conversion factors. J Phycol
811:798–811
4. Templeton DW, Laurens LML (2015)
Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors revisited for applications of microalgal biomass conversion to food, feed and fuel. Algal Res
11:359–367.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
algal.2015.07.013
5. Koru E (2012) Earth food Spirulina (Arthrospira): production and quality standarts. In:
El-Samragy Y (ed) Food addit. InTech, Rijeka,
pp 191–203
6. Garcia MDC, Lopez CVG, Fernandez FGA
et al (2010) Protein measurements of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass. Bioresour
Technol 101:7587–7591. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.Biortech.2010.04.077
7. Servaites JC, Faeth JL, Sidhu SS (2012) A dye
binding method for measurement of total protein in microalgae. Anal Biochem 421:75–80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.047
8. Slocombe SP, Ross M, Thomas N et al (2013)
A rapid and general method for measurement
of protein in micro-algal biomass. Bioresour
Technol 129:51–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biortech.2012.10.163
9. Redinbaugh MG, Turley RB (1986) Adaptation of the bicinchoninic acid protein assay for
use with microtiter plates and sucrose gradient
fractions. Anal Biochem 153:267–271
10. Laurens LML, Van Wychen S, McAllister JP
et al (2014) Strain, biochemistry, and
cultivation-dependent measurement variability
of algal biomass composition. Anal Biochem
452:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.
2014.02.009
11. AOAC (1997) Amino acids in feeds. Official
Method 994.12
12. Mosse J (1990) Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor for ten cereals and six legumes or
oilseeds. A reappraisal of its definition and
determination. Variation according to species
and to seed protein content. J Agric Food
Chem 38:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jf00091a004
13. Lourenc ¸o SO, Barbarino E, Marquez UML,
Aidar E (1998) Distribution of intracellular
nitrogen in marine microalgae: Basis for the
calculation of specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. J Phycol 34:798–811
14. Lourenc ¸o SO, Barbarino E, Lavı ´n PL et al
(2004) Distribution of intracellular nitrogen
in marine microalgae: calculation of new
nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. Eur J
Phycol 39:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/
0967026032000157156
15. Lourenco SO, Barbarino E, De-Paula JC et al
(2002) Amino acid composition, protein content and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein
conversion factors for 19 tropical seaweeds.
Protein Content Determination in Microalgae
241