in the range of X. gilli. Overall, the picture is one of varied, context-specific control
projects being run at local scale. These efforts need to be scaled up to cover regional,
national or larger areas if alien and invasive animals are to be controlled more
effectively.
As shown in the examples and discussion above, managing stakeholders, resolving conflict, ensuring sustained funding and scaling efforts up to larger spatial and
temporal scales all involve collaborative efforts that extend outside ordinary
organisational and political boundaries. Involving role players as early as possible
in the planning process is a key aspect of successful projects. Also, recognising the
trade-offs among costs and benefits accruing to role players and “who loses, who
pays, and who benefits” (Hirsch et al. 2010) can open the way to productive rather
than conflictual relationships with stakeholders. Open and transparent communication among role players builds trust and facilitates learning from perceived successes
and failures (Game et al. 2014).
Network governance (see Scarlett and McKinney 2016) has been used by several
provincial and national invasive alien species working groups in South Africa to
harness public, private and non-profit organisational expertise and carry out invasive
alien species management projects. This way of actively collaborating achieves
objectives that could not be achieved by one or two role players alone. Sustaining
these approaches will advance future efforts to control invasive alien animal species
in South Africa.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group,
Christopher Wilke, Sabelo Madlala, Deborah Winterton, Gavin Bell, Dean Impson, Louise Stafford, and Dean Ferreira for their constructive inputs. We would like to thank the DSI-NRF Centre of
Excellence for Invasion Biology and the Natural Resources Management Programme of DEFF for
their support. DEFF are also thanked for funding the South African National Biodiversity Institute
noting that this publication does not necessarily represent the views or opinions of DEFF or its
employees.
References
Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C et al (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of
biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58:403–414. https://
doi.org/10.1641/B580507
Addison P, Cugula D, Daneel J-H et al (2016) Networking projects on fruit flies between Europe
and Africa. In: Poster at 3rd international symposium of tephritid workers of Europe, Africa and
the Middle East, Stellenbosch
Athanassiou CG, Phillips TW, Wakil W (2019) Biology and control of the Khapra Beetle,
Trogoderma granarium, a major quarantine threat to global food security. Annu Rev Entomol
64:131–148. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111804
Barnes BN, Venter J-H (2006) The South African fruit fly action plan—area-wide suppression and
exotic species surveillance. In: Proceedings of the 7th international symposium of fruit flies of
economic importance, pp 271–283
Barrow SB (2014) Contrasting impact of alien invasive sport fish in the Cape Floristic Region: a
focus on Micropterus dolomieu. MSc Thesis, Stellenbosch University
22 Alien and Invasive Animal Control Projects
657
projects being run at local scale. These efforts need to be scaled up to cover regional,
national or larger areas if alien and invasive animals are to be controlled more
effectively.
As shown in the examples and discussion above, managing stakeholders, resolving conflict, ensuring sustained funding and scaling efforts up to larger spatial and
temporal scales all involve collaborative efforts that extend outside ordinary
organisational and political boundaries. Involving role players as early as possible
in the planning process is a key aspect of successful projects. Also, recognising the
trade-offs among costs and benefits accruing to role players and “who loses, who
pays, and who benefits” (Hirsch et al. 2010) can open the way to productive rather
than conflictual relationships with stakeholders. Open and transparent communication among role players builds trust and facilitates learning from perceived successes
and failures (Game et al. 2014).
Network governance (see Scarlett and McKinney 2016) has been used by several
provincial and national invasive alien species working groups in South Africa to
harness public, private and non-profit organisational expertise and carry out invasive
alien species management projects. This way of actively collaborating achieves
objectives that could not be achieved by one or two role players alone. Sustaining
these approaches will advance future efforts to control invasive alien animal species
in South Africa.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group,
Christopher Wilke, Sabelo Madlala, Deborah Winterton, Gavin Bell, Dean Impson, Louise Stafford, and Dean Ferreira for their constructive inputs. We would like to thank the DSI-NRF Centre of
Excellence for Invasion Biology and the Natural Resources Management Programme of DEFF for
their support. DEFF are also thanked for funding the South African National Biodiversity Institute
noting that this publication does not necessarily represent the views or opinions of DEFF or its
employees.
References
Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C et al (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of
biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58:403–414. https://
doi.org/10.1641/B580507
Addison P, Cugula D, Daneel J-H et al (2016) Networking projects on fruit flies between Europe
and Africa. In: Poster at 3rd international symposium of tephritid workers of Europe, Africa and
the Middle East, Stellenbosch
Athanassiou CG, Phillips TW, Wakil W (2019) Biology and control of the Khapra Beetle,
Trogoderma granarium, a major quarantine threat to global food security. Annu Rev Entomol
64:131–148. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111804
Barnes BN, Venter J-H (2006) The South African fruit fly action plan—area-wide suppression and
exotic species surveillance. In: Proceedings of the 7th international symposium of fruit flies of
economic importance, pp 271–283
Barrow SB (2014) Contrasting impact of alien invasive sport fish in the Cape Floristic Region: a
focus on Micropterus dolomieu. MSc Thesis, Stellenbosch University
22 Alien and Invasive Animal Control Projects
657