decision makers, and the influence of key stakeholders (e.g. Kumschick et al. 2012;
Woodford et al. 2017). To keep the process transparent, provision needs to be made
to outline how the inclusion of benefits influences the management decisions, and
which benefits are included.
Once a risk has been identified and assessed, and the species is regarded as of
concern (i.e. high risk), one needs to consider what can be done to manage the risk
(Fig. 20.2). For species already present in an area this will often require a detailed
evaluation of management options, the development of management plans and
Fig. 20.2 The proposed process outlining the steps to develop recommendations for the listing of
alien species under national legislation in South Africa. Reproduced from Kumschick et al. (2018)
with permission
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