Burgess SSO, Adams MA, Turner NC et al (2001) An improved heat pulse method to measure low
and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiol 21:589–598. https://doi.org/10.1093/
treephys/21.9.589
Calder IR (1986) What are the limits on forest evaporation? – comment. J Hydrol 82:179–192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90053-8
Calder IR (2005) The blue revolution: land use and integrated water resources management, 2nd
edn. Earthscan, London
Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR et al (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at
the global scale. Oecologia 108:583–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Gush MB (2011) The long-term impact of Acacia mearnsii trees on
evaporation, streamflow and groundwater resources. Report No. TT 505/11, Water Research
Commission, Pretoria
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Mengistu MG et al (2012) Measurement and modelling of evaporation
from a coastal wetland in Maputaland, South Africa. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss
9:1741–1782. https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-1741-2012
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Price JS et al (2013) Water-use dynamics of a peat swamp forest and a
dune forest in Maputaland, South Africa. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 17:2053–2067. https://doi.org/
10.5194/hess-17-2053-2013
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Mengistu MG et al (2015) Extending periodic eddy covariance latent heat
fluxes through tree sap-flow measurements to estimate long-term total evaporation in a peat
swamp forest. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 19:2513–2534. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2513-2015
Cullis JDS, Görgens AHM, Marais C (2007) A strategic study of the impact of invasive alien plants
in the high rainfall catchments and riparian zones of South Africa on total surface water yield.
Water SA 33:35–42. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i1.47869
Davis-Reddy CL, Vincent K (2017) Climate risk and vulnerability. A handbook for Southern
Africa, 2nd edn. CSIR, Pretoria
DEA (2013a) Long-Term Adaptation Scenarios Flagship Research Programme (LTAS) for
South Africa. Climate trends and scenarios for South Africa. Department of Environmental
Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2013b) Climate change implications for the water sector in South Africa. LTAS Phase
1, Technical report (no. 2 of 6). Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2013c) National environmental management: Biodiversity Act (10/2004): Alien and Invasive
Species Regulations No R. 506. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2015) Climate change adaptation plans for South African Biomes. In: Kharika JRM, Mkhize
NCS, Munyai T, Khavhagali VP, Davis C, Dziba D, Scholes R, van Garderen E, von Maltitz G,
Le Maitre D, Archibald S, Lotter D, van Deventer H, Midgely G, Hoffman T (eds). Department
of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DoA (1983) Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act
DWAF (1998) National Water Act. Act No 36 of 1998, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria
DWAF (2013) National water resource strategy. Water for an equitable and sustainable future.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria
DWS (2014) Feasibility study for the Mzimvubu Water Project: cost estimates and economic
analysis. Report No: P WMA 12/T30/00/5212/15, Department of Water and Sanitation, Pretoria
Dye P, Jarmain C (2004) Water use by black wattle (Acacia mearnsii): implications for the link
between removal of invading trees and catchment streamflow response. S Afr J Sci 100:40–44
Dye PJ, Poulter AG (1995) A field demonstration of the effect on streamflow of clearing of invasive
pine and wattle trees from a riparian zone. South Afr For J 173:27–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/
00382167.1995.9629687
Dye P, Moses G, Vilakazi P et al (2001) Comparative water use of wattle thickets and indigenous
plant communities at riparian sites in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Water SA
27:529–538. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v27i4.4967
15 Impacts of Plant Invasions on Terrestrial Water Flows in South Africa
451
and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiol 21:589–598. https://doi.org/10.1093/
treephys/21.9.589
Calder IR (1986) What are the limits on forest evaporation? – comment. J Hydrol 82:179–192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90053-8
Calder IR (2005) The blue revolution: land use and integrated water resources management, 2nd
edn. Earthscan, London
Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR et al (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at
the global scale. Oecologia 108:583–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00329030
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Gush MB (2011) The long-term impact of Acacia mearnsii trees on
evaporation, streamflow and groundwater resources. Report No. TT 505/11, Water Research
Commission, Pretoria
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Mengistu MG et al (2012) Measurement and modelling of evaporation
from a coastal wetland in Maputaland, South Africa. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss
9:1741–1782. https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-1741-2012
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Price JS et al (2013) Water-use dynamics of a peat swamp forest and a
dune forest in Maputaland, South Africa. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 17:2053–2067. https://doi.org/
10.5194/hess-17-2053-2013
Clulow AD, Everson CS, Mengistu MG et al (2015) Extending periodic eddy covariance latent heat
fluxes through tree sap-flow measurements to estimate long-term total evaporation in a peat
swamp forest. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 19:2513–2534. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2513-2015
Cullis JDS, Görgens AHM, Marais C (2007) A strategic study of the impact of invasive alien plants
in the high rainfall catchments and riparian zones of South Africa on total surface water yield.
Water SA 33:35–42. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v33i1.47869
Davis-Reddy CL, Vincent K (2017) Climate risk and vulnerability. A handbook for Southern
Africa, 2nd edn. CSIR, Pretoria
DEA (2013a) Long-Term Adaptation Scenarios Flagship Research Programme (LTAS) for
South Africa. Climate trends and scenarios for South Africa. Department of Environmental
Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2013b) Climate change implications for the water sector in South Africa. LTAS Phase
1, Technical report (no. 2 of 6). Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2013c) National environmental management: Biodiversity Act (10/2004): Alien and Invasive
Species Regulations No R. 506. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DEA (2015) Climate change adaptation plans for South African Biomes. In: Kharika JRM, Mkhize
NCS, Munyai T, Khavhagali VP, Davis C, Dziba D, Scholes R, van Garderen E, von Maltitz G,
Le Maitre D, Archibald S, Lotter D, van Deventer H, Midgely G, Hoffman T (eds). Department
of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria
DoA (1983) Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act
DWAF (1998) National Water Act. Act No 36 of 1998, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria
DWAF (2013) National water resource strategy. Water for an equitable and sustainable future.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria
DWS (2014) Feasibility study for the Mzimvubu Water Project: cost estimates and economic
analysis. Report No: P WMA 12/T30/00/5212/15, Department of Water and Sanitation, Pretoria
Dye P, Jarmain C (2004) Water use by black wattle (Acacia mearnsii): implications for the link
between removal of invading trees and catchment streamflow response. S Afr J Sci 100:40–44
Dye PJ, Poulter AG (1995) A field demonstration of the effect on streamflow of clearing of invasive
pine and wattle trees from a riparian zone. South Afr For J 173:27–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/
00382167.1995.9629687
Dye P, Moses G, Vilakazi P et al (2001) Comparative water use of wattle thickets and indigenous
plant communities at riparian sites in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Water SA
27:529–538. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v27i4.4967
15 Impacts of Plant Invasions on Terrestrial Water Flows in South Africa
451