References
Allan EL, Froneman PW, Durgadoo JV, McQuaid CD, Ansorge IJ, Richoux N (2013)
Critical indirect effects of climate change on sub-Antarctic ecosystem functioning. Ecol Evol
3:2994–3004. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.678
Arnaud F, Branch ML (1991) The Pycnogonida of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands:
illustrated keys to the species. S Afr J Antarct Res 21:65–71
Aronson RB, Thatje S, Clarke A et al (2007) Climate change and invasibility of the Antarctic
benthos. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38:129–154. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.
091206.095525
Avenant NL, Smith VR (2003) The microenvironment of house mice on Marion Island
(sub-Antarctic). Polar Biol 26:129–141
Barnes DKA (2002) Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808–809.
https://doi.org/10.1038/416808a
Barnes DKA (2005) Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc’s and Antarctica’s
shallow benthic communities. Sci Mar 69:65–89. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2005.69s265
Barnes DKA, Hodgson DA, Convey P et al (2006) Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota:
past, present and future. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:121–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.
2006.00216.x
Beckley LE, Branch GM (1992) A quantitative scuba-diving survey of the sublittoral macrobenthos
at subantarctic Marion Island. Polar Biol 11:553–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00237948
Bernard ATF, Ansorge IJ, Froneman PW et al (2007) Entrainment of Antarctic euphausiids across
the Antarctic Polar Front by a cold eddy. Deep Sea Res (I Oceanogr Res Pap) 54:1841–1851.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.007
Bester MN et al (2002) A review of the successful eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic
Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean. S Afr J Wildl Res 32:65–73
Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S et al (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological
invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 26:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023
Blankley WO, Grindley JR (1985) The intertidal and shallow subtidal food web at Marion Island.
In: Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 630–636. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-642-82275-9_86
Boelhouwers JC, Meiklejohn KI, Holness SD et al (2008) Geology, geomorphology and climate
change. In: Chown SL, Froneman PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in
a changing ecosystem. Sun Press, Stellenbosch, pp 65–96. https://doi.org/10.18820/
9781928357063/04
Branch ML (1994) The Polychaeta of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated
keys to the species and results of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys. S Afr J
Antarct Res 24:3–52
Branch ML (1998) Four new species of Polychaeta from subantartic Marion Island. Ann S Afr Mus
105:249–264
Branch ML, Hayward PJ (2007) The Bryozoa of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands:
illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys.
Afr J Mar Sci 29:1–24. https://doi.org/10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.1.1.66
Branch ML, Arnaud PM, Cantera J et al (1991) The benthic Mollusca and Brachiopoda of
subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: (1) Illustrated keys to the species (2) Records
of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys. S Afr J Antarct Res 21:45–64
Branch GM, Attwood CG, Gianakouras D et al (1993) Patterns in the benthic communities on the
shelf of the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. Polar Biol 13:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00236580
Chown SL, Froneman PW (2008) Conclusion: change in terrestrial and marine systems. In: Chown
SL, Froneman PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing
ecosystem. Sun Press, Stellenbosch, pp 351–372. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357063/14
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
221
Allan EL, Froneman PW, Durgadoo JV, McQuaid CD, Ansorge IJ, Richoux N (2013)
Critical indirect effects of climate change on sub-Antarctic ecosystem functioning. Ecol Evol
3:2994–3004. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.678
Arnaud F, Branch ML (1991) The Pycnogonida of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands:
illustrated keys to the species. S Afr J Antarct Res 21:65–71
Aronson RB, Thatje S, Clarke A et al (2007) Climate change and invasibility of the Antarctic
benthos. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38:129–154. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.
091206.095525
Avenant NL, Smith VR (2003) The microenvironment of house mice on Marion Island
(sub-Antarctic). Polar Biol 26:129–141
Barnes DKA (2002) Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808–809.
https://doi.org/10.1038/416808a
Barnes DKA (2005) Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc’s and Antarctica’s
shallow benthic communities. Sci Mar 69:65–89. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2005.69s265
Barnes DKA, Hodgson DA, Convey P et al (2006) Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota:
past, present and future. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:121–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.
2006.00216.x
Beckley LE, Branch GM (1992) A quantitative scuba-diving survey of the sublittoral macrobenthos
at subantarctic Marion Island. Polar Biol 11:553–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00237948
Bernard ATF, Ansorge IJ, Froneman PW et al (2007) Entrainment of Antarctic euphausiids across
the Antarctic Polar Front by a cold eddy. Deep Sea Res (I Oceanogr Res Pap) 54:1841–1851.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.007
Bester MN et al (2002) A review of the successful eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic
Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean. S Afr J Wildl Res 32:65–73
Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S et al (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological
invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 26:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023
Blankley WO, Grindley JR (1985) The intertidal and shallow subtidal food web at Marion Island.
In: Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 630–636. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-642-82275-9_86
Boelhouwers JC, Meiklejohn KI, Holness SD et al (2008) Geology, geomorphology and climate
change. In: Chown SL, Froneman PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in
a changing ecosystem. Sun Press, Stellenbosch, pp 65–96. https://doi.org/10.18820/
9781928357063/04
Branch ML (1994) The Polychaeta of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated
keys to the species and results of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys. S Afr J
Antarct Res 24:3–52
Branch ML (1998) Four new species of Polychaeta from subantartic Marion Island. Ann S Afr Mus
105:249–264
Branch ML, Hayward PJ (2007) The Bryozoa of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands:
illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys.
Afr J Mar Sci 29:1–24. https://doi.org/10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.1.1.66
Branch ML, Arnaud PM, Cantera J et al (1991) The benthic Mollusca and Brachiopoda of
subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: (1) Illustrated keys to the species (2) Records
of the 1982–1989 University of Cape Town surveys. S Afr J Antarct Res 21:45–64
Branch GM, Attwood CG, Gianakouras D et al (1993) Patterns in the benthic communities on the
shelf of the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. Polar Biol 13:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00236580
Chown SL, Froneman PW (2008) Conclusion: change in terrestrial and marine systems. In: Chown
SL, Froneman PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing
ecosystem. Sun Press, Stellenbosch, pp 351–372. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357063/14
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
221