Roche S, Bedford-Shaw A (2008) Escapee cage birds in suburbs of Johannesburg. Bird Numbers
14(1):2–3
Roots C (2007) Domestication. Greenwood Press, Westport
Rouget M, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU et al (2016) Invasion debt–Quantifying future biological
invasions. Divers Distrib 22(4):445–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12408
Samuels MI, Cupido C, Swarts MB et al (2016) Feeding ecology of four livestock species under
different management in a semi-arid pastoral system in South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci
33:1–9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2015.1029972
Schlaepfer MA, Hoover C, Dodd CK (2005) Challenges in evaluating the impact of the trade in
amphibians and reptiles on wild populations. AIBS Bull 55(3):256–264. https://doi.org/10.
1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0256:CIETIO]2.0.CO;2
Sherley RB (2016) Unusual foraging behaviour of two introduced mammals following degradation
of their island habitat. Biodiv Observ 7(29):21–10
Shine R, Brown GP, Phillips BL (2011) An evolutionary process that assembles phenotypes
through space rather than through time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:5708–5711. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018989108
Short KH, Petren K (2012) Rapid species displacement during the invasion of Florida by the
tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia. Biol Invasions 14(6):1177–1186. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10530-011-0147-z
Shwartz A, Strubbe D, Butler CJ et al (2009) The effect of enemy-release and climate conditions on
invasive birds: a regional test using the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) as a case
study. Divers Distrib 15(2):310–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00538.x
Sims V, Evans KL, Newson SE et al (2008) Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities
in urban environments. Divers Distrib 14(2):387–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.
2007.00444.x
Singh P, Downs CT (2016) Hadedas in the hood: Hadeda Ibis activity in suburban neighbourhoods
of Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Urban Ecosyst 19(3):1283–1293. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0540-6
Skead CJ, Boshoff A, Kerley GIH, Lloyd P (2011) Introduced (non-indigenous) species: a growing
threat to biodiversity. In: Skead CJ, Boshoff A, GIH K, Lloyd P (eds) Historical incidence of the
larger land mammals in the broader Northern and Western Cape. Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port
Elizabeth
Smithers RHN (1983) The mammals of the southern African subregion. University of Pretoria,
Pretoria
Spear D, Chown SL (2008) Taxonomic homogenization in ungulates: patterns and mechanisms at
local and global scales. J Biogeogr 35(11):1962–1975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.
2008.01926.x
Spear D, Chown SL (2009a) The extent and impacts of ungulate translocations: South Africa in a
global context. Biol Conserv 142(2):353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.031
Spear D, Chown SL (2009b) Non-indigenous ungulates as a threat to biodiversity. J Zool
279(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00604.x
Stenseth NC, Leirs H, Skonhoft A et al (2003) Mice, rats, and people: the bio-economics of
agricultural rodent pests. Front Ecol Environ 1(7):367–375. https://doi.org/10.1890/15409295(2003)001[0367:MRAPTB]2.0.CO;2
Stephens K, Measey J, Reynolds C, Le Roux JJ (2020) Occurrence and extent of hybridisation
between the invasive Mallard Duck and native Yellow-billed Duck in South Africa. Biol Inv
22:693–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02122-6
Stringham OC, Lockwood JL (2018) Pet problems: biological and economic factors that influence
the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners. J Appl Ecol 55(6):2632–2640.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13237
Swart S (2010) Riding High: horses, humans and history in South Africa. Wits University Press,
Johannesburg. https://doi.org/10.18772/12010015140
5 Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasions in South Africa
149
14(1):2–3
Roots C (2007) Domestication. Greenwood Press, Westport
Rouget M, Robertson MP, Wilson JRU et al (2016) Invasion debt–Quantifying future biological
invasions. Divers Distrib 22(4):445–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12408
Samuels MI, Cupido C, Swarts MB et al (2016) Feeding ecology of four livestock species under
different management in a semi-arid pastoral system in South Africa. Afr J Range For Sci
33:1–9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2015.1029972
Schlaepfer MA, Hoover C, Dodd CK (2005) Challenges in evaluating the impact of the trade in
amphibians and reptiles on wild populations. AIBS Bull 55(3):256–264. https://doi.org/10.
1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0256:CIETIO]2.0.CO;2
Sherley RB (2016) Unusual foraging behaviour of two introduced mammals following degradation
of their island habitat. Biodiv Observ 7(29):21–10
Shine R, Brown GP, Phillips BL (2011) An evolutionary process that assembles phenotypes
through space rather than through time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:5708–5711. https://
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018989108
Short KH, Petren K (2012) Rapid species displacement during the invasion of Florida by the
tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia. Biol Invasions 14(6):1177–1186. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10530-011-0147-z
Shwartz A, Strubbe D, Butler CJ et al (2009) The effect of enemy-release and climate conditions on
invasive birds: a regional test using the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) as a case
study. Divers Distrib 15(2):310–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00538.x
Sims V, Evans KL, Newson SE et al (2008) Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities
in urban environments. Divers Distrib 14(2):387–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.
2007.00444.x
Singh P, Downs CT (2016) Hadedas in the hood: Hadeda Ibis activity in suburban neighbourhoods
of Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Urban Ecosyst 19(3):1283–1293. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0540-6
Skead CJ, Boshoff A, Kerley GIH, Lloyd P (2011) Introduced (non-indigenous) species: a growing
threat to biodiversity. In: Skead CJ, Boshoff A, GIH K, Lloyd P (eds) Historical incidence of the
larger land mammals in the broader Northern and Western Cape. Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port
Elizabeth
Smithers RHN (1983) The mammals of the southern African subregion. University of Pretoria,
Pretoria
Spear D, Chown SL (2008) Taxonomic homogenization in ungulates: patterns and mechanisms at
local and global scales. J Biogeogr 35(11):1962–1975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.
2008.01926.x
Spear D, Chown SL (2009a) The extent and impacts of ungulate translocations: South Africa in a
global context. Biol Conserv 142(2):353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.031
Spear D, Chown SL (2009b) Non-indigenous ungulates as a threat to biodiversity. J Zool
279(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00604.x
Stenseth NC, Leirs H, Skonhoft A et al (2003) Mice, rats, and people: the bio-economics of
agricultural rodent pests. Front Ecol Environ 1(7):367–375. https://doi.org/10.1890/15409295(2003)001[0367:MRAPTB]2.0.CO;2
Stephens K, Measey J, Reynolds C, Le Roux JJ (2020) Occurrence and extent of hybridisation
between the invasive Mallard Duck and native Yellow-billed Duck in South Africa. Biol Inv
22:693–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02122-6
Stringham OC, Lockwood JL (2018) Pet problems: biological and economic factors that influence
the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners. J Appl Ecol 55(6):2632–2640.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13237
Swart S (2010) Riding High: horses, humans and history in South Africa. Wits University Press,
Johannesburg. https://doi.org/10.18772/12010015140
5 Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasions in South Africa
149