South Africa’s biosecurity and risk assessment processes of the Department of
Environmental Affairs and SANBI’s BID are positive steps towards reducing risk
from new introductions (Kumschick et al. 2018, 2020, Chap. 20).
Acknowledgements This research was funded through the Department of Environmental Affairs,
Natural Resource Management Programme, (previously the Working for Water Programme).
Additional funding was provided by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department
of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Any opinion,
finding, conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the authors, and the
National Research Foundation accepts no liability in this regard.
References
Adair RA, Keener BR, Kwong RM et al (2012) The biology of Australian weeds, 60. Sagittaria
platyphylla (Engelmann) J.G. Smith and Sagittaria calycina Engelmann. Plant Prot Quart
27:47–58
Arp RS, Fraser GC, Hill MP (2017) Quantifying the economic water savings benefit of water
hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) control in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. Water SA 43
(1):58–66. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i1.09
Bauer J (2012) Invasive species: “back-seat drivers” of ecosystem change? Biol Invasions
14:1295–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0165-x
Bownes A (2010) Asian aquatic moth Parapoynx diminutalis, accidentally introduced earlier,
contributes to control of an aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata in South Africa. Afr J Aquat
Sci 35:307–311. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2010.490988
Broadhurst L, Chong C (2011) Examining clonal propagation of the aquatic weed Sagittaria
platyphylla. RIRDC Publication No. 11/020, Project No. AWRC 08-65, RIRDC
Brunel S (2009) Pathway analysis: aquatic plants imported in 10 EPPO countries. EPPO Bull
39:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02291.x
Cabrera-Walsh G, Magal Dalto Y, Mattioli FM et al (2013) Biology and ecology of Brazilian elodea
(Egeria densa) and its specific herbivore, Hydrellia sp., in Argentina. BioControl 58:133–147.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-012-9475-x
Chambers PA, Lacoul P, Murphy KJ, Thomaz SM (2008) Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes
in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9154-6
Cheek MD (2018) First confirmed record of Nymphoides peltata (SG Gmel.) Kuntze
(Menyanthaceae) naturalised in southern Africa. Bothalia 48:1–4. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.
v48i1.2258
Chimney MJ, Pietro KC (2006) Decomposition of macrophyte litter in a subtropical constructed
wetland in south Florida (USA). Ecol Eng 27:301–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.
05.016
Cilliers CJ, Hill MP, Ogwang JA, Ajuonu O (2003) Aquatic weeds in Africa and their control. In:
Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J (eds) Biological control in IPM Systems in
Africa. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996394.
0161
Coetzee JA, Hill MP (2012) The role of eutrophication in the biological control of water hyacinth,
Eichhornia crassipes, in South Africa. BioControl 57:247–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526011-9426-y
Coetzee JA, Hill MP, Schlange D (2009) Potential spread of the invasive plant Hydrilla verticillata
in South Africa based on anthropogenic spread and climate suitability. Biol Invasions
11:801–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9294-2
4 Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants in South African Freshwater Ecosystems
111
Environmental Affairs and SANBI’s BID are positive steps towards reducing risk
from new introductions (Kumschick et al. 2018, 2020, Chap. 20).
Acknowledgements This research was funded through the Department of Environmental Affairs,
Natural Resource Management Programme, (previously the Working for Water Programme).
Additional funding was provided by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department
of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Any opinion,
finding, conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the authors, and the
National Research Foundation accepts no liability in this regard.
References
Adair RA, Keener BR, Kwong RM et al (2012) The biology of Australian weeds, 60. Sagittaria
platyphylla (Engelmann) J.G. Smith and Sagittaria calycina Engelmann. Plant Prot Quart
27:47–58
Arp RS, Fraser GC, Hill MP (2017) Quantifying the economic water savings benefit of water
hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) control in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. Water SA 43
(1):58–66. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i1.09
Bauer J (2012) Invasive species: “back-seat drivers” of ecosystem change? Biol Invasions
14:1295–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0165-x
Bownes A (2010) Asian aquatic moth Parapoynx diminutalis, accidentally introduced earlier,
contributes to control of an aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata in South Africa. Afr J Aquat
Sci 35:307–311. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2010.490988
Broadhurst L, Chong C (2011) Examining clonal propagation of the aquatic weed Sagittaria
platyphylla. RIRDC Publication No. 11/020, Project No. AWRC 08-65, RIRDC
Brunel S (2009) Pathway analysis: aquatic plants imported in 10 EPPO countries. EPPO Bull
39:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02291.x
Cabrera-Walsh G, Magal Dalto Y, Mattioli FM et al (2013) Biology and ecology of Brazilian elodea
(Egeria densa) and its specific herbivore, Hydrellia sp., in Argentina. BioControl 58:133–147.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-012-9475-x
Chambers PA, Lacoul P, Murphy KJ, Thomaz SM (2008) Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes
in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9154-6
Cheek MD (2018) First confirmed record of Nymphoides peltata (SG Gmel.) Kuntze
(Menyanthaceae) naturalised in southern Africa. Bothalia 48:1–4. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.
v48i1.2258
Chimney MJ, Pietro KC (2006) Decomposition of macrophyte litter in a subtropical constructed
wetland in south Florida (USA). Ecol Eng 27:301–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.
05.016
Cilliers CJ, Hill MP, Ogwang JA, Ajuonu O (2003) Aquatic weeds in Africa and their control. In:
Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J (eds) Biological control in IPM Systems in
Africa. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996394.
0161
Coetzee JA, Hill MP (2012) The role of eutrophication in the biological control of water hyacinth,
Eichhornia crassipes, in South Africa. BioControl 57:247–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526011-9426-y
Coetzee JA, Hill MP, Schlange D (2009) Potential spread of the invasive plant Hydrilla verticillata
in South Africa based on anthropogenic spread and climate suitability. Biol Invasions
11:801–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9294-2
4 Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants in South African Freshwater Ecosystems
111