McConnachie AJ, De Wit MP, Hill MP et al (2003) Economic evaluation of the successful
biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol Control 28:25–32. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2
Measey J, Hui C, Somers M (2020a) Terrestrial vertebrate invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen
BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_5
Measey J, Robinson TB, Kruger N et al (2020b) South Africa as a donor of alien animals. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 783–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_27
Mooney HA (2011) Foreword. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy
of Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp xi–xii
Moran VC, Annecke DP (1979) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 3. The
jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley. J Entomol Soc South Afr 42:299–329
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Hill MP (2011) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa (1999–2010). Afr Entomol 19:177–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0218
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: history practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109:1–6. https://doi.
org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Mucina L, Rutherford MC (2006) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.
South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Nel JL, Richardson DM, Rouget M et al (2004) A proposed classification of invasive alien plant
species in South Africa: towards prioritizing species and areas for management action. S Afr J
Sci 100:53–63
O’Connor T, van Wilgen BW (2020) The impact of invasive alien plants on rangelands in
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 457–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_16
Ogden NH, Wilson JRU et al (2019) Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call
for a one health collaboration in science and management. R Soc Open Sci 6:181577. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsos.181577
Olckers T, Hill MP (1999) Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990–1998). Afr Entomol
Mem 1:1–182
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world:
a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51:933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)
051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Paap T, de Beer ZW, Migliorini D et al (2018) The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and its
fungal symbiont Fusarium euwallaceae: a new invasion in South Africa. Australas Plant Pathol
47:231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0545-0
Picker MD, Griffiths CL (2017) Alien animals in South Africa – composition, introduction history,
origins and distribution patterns. Bothalia 47(2):a2147. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2147
Picker M, Griffiths C (2011) Alien and invasive animals: a South African perspective. Penguin
Random House South Africa, Cape Town
Pimentel D (ed) (2011) Biological invasions: economic and environmental costs of alien plant,
animal and microbe species. CRC, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10938
Potgieter LJ, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Pergl J et al (2008) Geographical and taxonomical biases in invasion
ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 23:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.002
Pyšek P, Pergl J, van Kleunen M et al (2020) South Africa as a donor of naturalized and invasive
plants to other parts of the world. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
28
B. W. van Wilgen et al.
biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol Control 28:25–32. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2
Measey J, Hui C, Somers M (2020a) Terrestrial vertebrate invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen
BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_5
Measey J, Robinson TB, Kruger N et al (2020b) South Africa as a donor of alien animals. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 783–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_27
Mooney HA (2011) Foreword. In: Richardson DM (ed) Fifty years of invasion ecology: the legacy
of Charles Elton. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp xi–xii
Moran VC, Annecke DP (1979) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 3. The
jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley. J Entomol Soc South Afr 42:299–329
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Hill MP (2011) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa (1999–2010). Afr Entomol 19:177–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0218
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: history practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109:1–6. https://doi.
org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Mucina L, Rutherford MC (2006) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.
South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
Nel JL, Richardson DM, Rouget M et al (2004) A proposed classification of invasive alien plant
species in South Africa: towards prioritizing species and areas for management action. S Afr J
Sci 100:53–63
O’Connor T, van Wilgen BW (2020) The impact of invasive alien plants on rangelands in
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 457–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_16
Ogden NH, Wilson JRU et al (2019) Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call
for a one health collaboration in science and management. R Soc Open Sci 6:181577. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rsos.181577
Olckers T, Hill MP (1999) Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990–1998). Afr Entomol
Mem 1:1–182
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world:
a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51:933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)
051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Paap T, de Beer ZW, Migliorini D et al (2018) The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and its
fungal symbiont Fusarium euwallaceae: a new invasion in South Africa. Australas Plant Pathol
47:231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0545-0
Picker MD, Griffiths CL (2017) Alien animals in South Africa – composition, introduction history,
origins and distribution patterns. Bothalia 47(2):a2147. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2147
Picker M, Griffiths C (2011) Alien and invasive animals: a South African perspective. Penguin
Random House South Africa, Cape Town
Pimentel D (ed) (2011) Biological invasions: economic and environmental costs of alien plant,
animal and microbe species. CRC, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10938
Potgieter LJ, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Pergl J et al (2008) Geographical and taxonomical biases in invasion
ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 23:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.02.002
Pyšek P, Pergl J, van Kleunen M et al (2020) South Africa as a donor of naturalized and invasive
plants to other parts of the world. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
28
B. W. van Wilgen et al.