medium. Compounds 24 and 25 were reported as the first members of this group
containing D-ribofuranose bound via an α-glycosidic linkage [20]. Five
isocoumarins, peyroisocoumarins A–D (27–30) and isocitreoisocoumarinol (31),
were isolated from the solid rice fermentation of Peyronellaea glomerata XSB-0115 that was obtained from the finger sponge Amphimedon sp. collected from
Yongxing Island, Hainan Province. Among them, peyroisocoumarins A and B (27
and 28) were characterized by the presence of a chlorine atom in the pentane side
chain, which is unusual for isocoumarin derivatives. An antioxidant response
element reporter assay (ARE) revealed that peyroisocoumarins A, B, and D (27,
28, and 30) exhibited potent ARE activation in HepG2C8 cells [21]. Solid rice
culture fermentation of Pestalotiopsis heterocornis, which was obtained from the
sponge Phakellia fusca collected from the Xisha Islands, gave two isocoumarins
pestaloisocoumarins A and B (32 and 33). Pestaloisocoumarins A and B (32 and 33)
showed weak antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values ranging from 90 to 210 μM
[22]. Penicitor A (34) was isolated from solid rice medium fermentation of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD08 that was associated with the marine worm Sipunculus nudus
collected from Haikou Bay [23]. The fungal stain Penicillium chrysogenum
QEN-24S was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Laurencia
sp. collected from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea. From the solid rice
culture of this fungus, two polyketide derivatives penicitides A and B (35 and
36) both featuring a unique 10-hydroxy- or 7,10-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethylundecyl
moiety were obtained. Penicitide A (35) displayed moderate antifungal activity
against Alternaria brassicae with an inhibition zone of 6 mm in diameter at a
concentration of 20 μg/disk and also possessed cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell
line with an IC 50 value of 32 μg/cm
3 [24]. Two 5-hydroxy-2-pyrone derivatives,
4-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one (37) and (5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2Hpyran-4-yl) methyl acetate (38), were isolated from artificial seawater-containing
liquid medium fermentation of Aspergillus flavus c-f-3, an endophyte obtained from
the marine alga Enteromorpha tubulosa collected at Putian Pinghai. Compound 37
induced the production of cAMP in GPR12-transfected cells, including CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells) and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells), in a dosedependent manner, indicating compound 37 to be a possible ligand for GPR12
[25]. Two phenethyl-α-pyrone derivatives, isopyrophen (39) and aspergillusol
(40), were obtained from the GPY medium fermentation of Aspergillus niger
EN-13 that was isolated from the marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa collected
along the Qingdao coastline [26]. The fungal strain Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076
was isolated from the gorgonian Melitodes squamata collected in Sanya, Hainan
Province. Following cultivation of this fungus in liquid medium containing 3.0% sea
salt, asteltoxin B (41) was isolated [27]. Communol A (42) was isolated from the
liquid GPY medium fermentation of Penicillium commune 518, as obtained from the
gorgonian Muricella abnormalis collected from Danzhou, Hainan Province.
Communol A (42) showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Escherichia
coli and Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC values of 4.1 and 16.4 μM (Fig. 2) [28].
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Z. Liu et al.
containing D-ribofuranose bound via an α-glycosidic linkage [20]. Five
isocoumarins, peyroisocoumarins A–D (27–30) and isocitreoisocoumarinol (31),
were isolated from the solid rice fermentation of Peyronellaea glomerata XSB-0115 that was obtained from the finger sponge Amphimedon sp. collected from
Yongxing Island, Hainan Province. Among them, peyroisocoumarins A and B (27
and 28) were characterized by the presence of a chlorine atom in the pentane side
chain, which is unusual for isocoumarin derivatives. An antioxidant response
element reporter assay (ARE) revealed that peyroisocoumarins A, B, and D (27,
28, and 30) exhibited potent ARE activation in HepG2C8 cells [21]. Solid rice
culture fermentation of Pestalotiopsis heterocornis, which was obtained from the
sponge Phakellia fusca collected from the Xisha Islands, gave two isocoumarins
pestaloisocoumarins A and B (32 and 33). Pestaloisocoumarins A and B (32 and 33)
showed weak antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values ranging from 90 to 210 μM
[22]. Penicitor A (34) was isolated from solid rice medium fermentation of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD08 that was associated with the marine worm Sipunculus nudus
collected from Haikou Bay [23]. The fungal stain Penicillium chrysogenum
QEN-24S was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Laurencia
sp. collected from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea. From the solid rice
culture of this fungus, two polyketide derivatives penicitides A and B (35 and
36) both featuring a unique 10-hydroxy- or 7,10-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethylundecyl
moiety were obtained. Penicitide A (35) displayed moderate antifungal activity
against Alternaria brassicae with an inhibition zone of 6 mm in diameter at a
concentration of 20 μg/disk and also possessed cytotoxicity against the HepG2 cell
line with an IC 50 value of 32 μg/cm
3 [24]. Two 5-hydroxy-2-pyrone derivatives,
4-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one (37) and (5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2Hpyran-4-yl) methyl acetate (38), were isolated from artificial seawater-containing
liquid medium fermentation of Aspergillus flavus c-f-3, an endophyte obtained from
the marine alga Enteromorpha tubulosa collected at Putian Pinghai. Compound 37
induced the production of cAMP in GPR12-transfected cells, including CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells) and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells), in a dosedependent manner, indicating compound 37 to be a possible ligand for GPR12
[25]. Two phenethyl-α-pyrone derivatives, isopyrophen (39) and aspergillusol
(40), were obtained from the GPY medium fermentation of Aspergillus niger
EN-13 that was isolated from the marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa collected
along the Qingdao coastline [26]. The fungal strain Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076
was isolated from the gorgonian Melitodes squamata collected in Sanya, Hainan
Province. Following cultivation of this fungus in liquid medium containing 3.0% sea
salt, asteltoxin B (41) was isolated [27]. Communol A (42) was isolated from the
liquid GPY medium fermentation of Penicillium commune 518, as obtained from the
gorgonian Muricella abnormalis collected from Danzhou, Hainan Province.
Communol A (42) showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Escherichia
coli and Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC values of 4.1 and 16.4 μM (Fig. 2) [28].
86
Z. Liu et al.