exhibited antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Vibrio alginolyticus with MIC values ranging from 8 to 64 μg/
cm
3 , whereas chermesin D (222) showed only weak activity against E. coli, having
an MIC value of 64 μg/cm
3 [77]. Fermentation of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD09W
isolated from the marine worm Sipunculus nudus from Haikou Bay in liquid GYM
medium yielded eleven meroterpenes, chrodrimanins K–S (223–231) and
verruculides B2 and B3 (232 and 233). Chrodrimanins K and N (223 and 226)
showed anti-H1N1 activity with IC 50 values of 74 and 58 μM. Chrodrimanins O and
R (227 and 230) exhibited inhibitory activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
(PTP1B) with IC 50 values of 71.6 and 62.5 μM. Verruculide B2 (232) displayed
weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 32 μg/cm
3
[78, 79].
Arisugacin K (234) was isolated from the PDB culture of Penicillium
echinulatum pt-4, an endophytic fungus obtained from fresh tissue of the marine
red alga Chondrus ocellatus collected from the coast of Pingtan Island. Arisugacin K
(234) showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition
diameter of 8 mm at 30 μg/disk in the agar plate diffusion assay [80]. The fungus
Neosartorya pseudofischeri was obtained from the starfish Acanthaster planci
collected from the South China Sea. 5-Olefin-phenylpyropene A (235) and
13-dehydroxypyripyropene A (236) were isolated from the liquid medium culture
of N. pseudofischeri [19]. The fungal strain Fusarium lateritium 2016F18-1 was
obtained from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens collected from Hainan Sanya
National Coral Reef Reserve. Two pyripyropenes, 13-dehydroxy-1,11deacetylpyripyropene A (237) and 1-deacetylpyripyropene A (238), were isolated
following fermentation of this fungus in liquid GPY medium [81].
Fermentation of Aspergillus terreus, which was obtained from the South China
Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia aurantiaca, on solid rice medium, yielded three
meroterpenoids,
territrems
D
and
E
(239
and
240)
and
11a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (241) (Fig. 14). Territrems D and E (239 and
240) showed strong inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase with IC 50 values
of 4.2 and 4.5 nM, respectively. Territrem D (239) was also tested for antifouling
activity toward larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite with an EC 50 value of
25.2 μM. 11a-Dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (241) showed weak antiviral activity
against HSV-1 with an IC 50 value of 35.8 μM [82]. Pleosporallins A–D (242–245)
were obtained from Pleosporales sp., an endophytic fungus derived from the marine
alga Enteromorpha clathrata collected from the South China Sea in Hainan Province following fermentation of this fungus in Czapek’s liquid medium.
Pleosporallins A–C (242–244) showed moderate inhibitory activities against the
stimulation of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, whereas pleosporallin D (245) exhibited
antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus with an
MIC value of 9.5 μg/cm
3 [50]. Cultivation of Lophiostoma sp. ZJ, as isolated from
the inner part of the fresh soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the Weizhou
Island coral reef in the South China Sea, using potato glucose liquid medium,
yielded craterellin D (246) [83].
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Z. Liu et al.
cm
3 , whereas chermesin D (222) showed only weak activity against E. coli, having
an MIC value of 64 μg/cm
3 [77]. Fermentation of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD09W
isolated from the marine worm Sipunculus nudus from Haikou Bay in liquid GYM
medium yielded eleven meroterpenes, chrodrimanins K–S (223–231) and
verruculides B2 and B3 (232 and 233). Chrodrimanins K and N (223 and 226)
showed anti-H1N1 activity with IC 50 values of 74 and 58 μM. Chrodrimanins O and
R (227 and 230) exhibited inhibitory activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
(PTP1B) with IC 50 values of 71.6 and 62.5 μM. Verruculide B2 (232) displayed
weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 32 μg/cm
3
[78, 79].
Arisugacin K (234) was isolated from the PDB culture of Penicillium
echinulatum pt-4, an endophytic fungus obtained from fresh tissue of the marine
red alga Chondrus ocellatus collected from the coast of Pingtan Island. Arisugacin K
(234) showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition
diameter of 8 mm at 30 μg/disk in the agar plate diffusion assay [80]. The fungus
Neosartorya pseudofischeri was obtained from the starfish Acanthaster planci
collected from the South China Sea. 5-Olefin-phenylpyropene A (235) and
13-dehydroxypyripyropene A (236) were isolated from the liquid medium culture
of N. pseudofischeri [19]. The fungal strain Fusarium lateritium 2016F18-1 was
obtained from the sponge Phyllospongia foliascens collected from Hainan Sanya
National Coral Reef Reserve. Two pyripyropenes, 13-dehydroxy-1,11deacetylpyripyropene A (237) and 1-deacetylpyripyropene A (238), were isolated
following fermentation of this fungus in liquid GPY medium [81].
Fermentation of Aspergillus terreus, which was obtained from the South China
Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia aurantiaca, on solid rice medium, yielded three
meroterpenoids,
territrems
D
and
E
(239
and
240)
and
11a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (241) (Fig. 14). Territrems D and E (239 and
240) showed strong inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase with IC 50 values
of 4.2 and 4.5 nM, respectively. Territrem D (239) was also tested for antifouling
activity toward larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite with an EC 50 value of
25.2 μM. 11a-Dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (241) showed weak antiviral activity
against HSV-1 with an IC 50 value of 35.8 μM [82]. Pleosporallins A–D (242–245)
were obtained from Pleosporales sp., an endophytic fungus derived from the marine
alga Enteromorpha clathrata collected from the South China Sea in Hainan Province following fermentation of this fungus in Czapek’s liquid medium.
Pleosporallins A–C (242–244) showed moderate inhibitory activities against the
stimulation of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, whereas pleosporallin D (245) exhibited
antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganense subsp. sepedonicus with an
MIC value of 9.5 μg/cm
3 [50]. Cultivation of Lophiostoma sp. ZJ, as isolated from
the inner part of the fresh soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the Weizhou
Island coral reef in the South China Sea, using potato glucose liquid medium,
yielded craterellin D (246) [83].
104
Z. Liu et al.