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mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and DNA damage in p53 mutant leukemic T cells. Int J
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42. Pfeifer GP, Xiong W, Hahn MA, Jin SG (2014) The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in
human cancer. Cell Tissue Res 356(3):631–641
43. Zhao M, Wang J, Liao W, Li D, Li M, Wu H, Zhang Y, Gershwin ME, Lu Q (2016) Increased
5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CD4(+) T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun
69:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.001
44. Somineni HK, Zhang X, Biagini Myers JM, Kovacic MB, Ulm A, Jurcak N, Ryan PH,
Khurana Hershey GK, Ji H (2016) Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) methylation is associated with childhood asthma and traffic-related air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137
(3):797–805.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.021
45. Yao B, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen L, Huang L, Zhang W, Chen D, Wu H, Tang B, Jin P
(2017) DNA N6-methyladenine is dynamically regulated in the mouse brain following
environmental stress. Nat Commun 8(1):1122. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01195-y
46. Hotchkiss RD (1948) The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by
paper chromatography. J Biol Chem 175(1):315–332
47. Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009) The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in
Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324(5929):929–930
48. Sano H, Royer HD, Sager R (1980) Identification of 5-methylcytosine in DNA fragments
immobilized on nitrocellulose paper. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77(6):3581–3585
49. Kurdyukov S, Bullock M (2016) DNA methylation analysis: choosing the right method.
Biology (Basel) 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology5010003
50. Mizugaki M, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishiwata S, Hishinuma T, Nozaki S, Ishida N (1996)
Preparation of a monoclonal antibody specific for 5-methyl-2
0 -deoxycytidine and its application for the detection of DNA methylation levels in human peripheral blood cells. Biol Pharm
Bull 19(12):1537–1540
51. Inoue A, Shen L, Dai Q, He C, Zhang Y (2011) Generation and replication-dependent dilution
of 5fC and 5caC during mouse preimplantation development. Cell Res 21(12):1670–1676
52. Valentini E, Zampieri M, Malavolta M, Bacalini MG, Calabrese R, Guastafierro T, Reale A,
Franceschi C, Hervonen A, Koller B, Bernhardt J, Slagboom PE, Toussaint O, Sikora E,
Gonos ES, Breusing N, Grune T, Jansen E, Dolle ME, Moreno-Villanueva M, Sindlinger T,
Burkle A, Ciccarone F, Caiafa P (2016) Analysis of the machinery and intermediates of the
5hmC-mediated DNA demethylation pathway in aging on samples from the MARK-AGE
study. Aging (Albany NY) 8(9):1896–1922. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101022
53. Habib M, Fares F, Bourgeois CA, Bella C, Bernardino J, Hernandez-Blazquez F, de Capoa A,
Niveleau A (1999) DNA global hypomethylation in EBV-transformed interphase nuclei. Exp
Cell Res 249(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1999.4434
54. Liu MY, DeNizio JE, Kohli RM (2016) Quantification of oxidized 5-methylcytosine bases and
TET enzyme activity. Methods Enzymol 573:365–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2015.
12.006
55. Du C, Kurabe N, Matsushima Y, Suzuki M, Kahyo T, Ohnishi I, Tanioka F, Tajima S, Goto M,
Yamada H, Tao H, Shinmura K, Konno H, Sugimura H (2015) Robust quantitative assessments of cytosine modifications and changes in the expressions of related enzymes in gastric
cancer. Gastric Cancer 18(3):516–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-014-0409-4
56. Bachman M, Uribe-Lewis S, Yang X, Williams M, Murrell A, Balasubramanian S (2014)
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a predominantly stable DNA modification. Nat Chem 6
(12):1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2064
57. Pfaffeneder T, Spada F, Wagner M, Brandmayr C, Laube SK, Eisen D, Truss M, Steinbacher J,
Hackner B, Kotljarova O, Schuermann D, Michalakis S, Kosmatchev O, Schiesser S,
Steigenberger B, Raddaoui N, Kashiwazaki G, Muller U, Spruijt CG, Vermeulen M,
Leonhardt H, Schar P, Muller M, Carell T (2014) Tet oxidizes thymine to
516
C. L. Seiler et al.
mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and DNA damage in p53 mutant leukemic T cells. Int J
Cancer 130(5):1195–1207. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26107
42. Pfeifer GP, Xiong W, Hahn MA, Jin SG (2014) The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in
human cancer. Cell Tissue Res 356(3):631–641
43. Zhao M, Wang J, Liao W, Li D, Li M, Wu H, Zhang Y, Gershwin ME, Lu Q (2016) Increased
5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CD4(+) T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun
69:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.001
44. Somineni HK, Zhang X, Biagini Myers JM, Kovacic MB, Ulm A, Jurcak N, Ryan PH,
Khurana Hershey GK, Ji H (2016) Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) methylation is associated with childhood asthma and traffic-related air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137
(3):797–805.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.021
45. Yao B, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen L, Huang L, Zhang W, Chen D, Wu H, Tang B, Jin P
(2017) DNA N6-methyladenine is dynamically regulated in the mouse brain following
environmental stress. Nat Commun 8(1):1122. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01195-y
46. Hotchkiss RD (1948) The quantitative separation of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleosides by
paper chromatography. J Biol Chem 175(1):315–332
47. Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009) The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in
Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324(5929):929–930
48. Sano H, Royer HD, Sager R (1980) Identification of 5-methylcytosine in DNA fragments
immobilized on nitrocellulose paper. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77(6):3581–3585
49. Kurdyukov S, Bullock M (2016) DNA methylation analysis: choosing the right method.
Biology (Basel) 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology5010003
50. Mizugaki M, Itoh K, Yamaguchi T, Ishiwata S, Hishinuma T, Nozaki S, Ishida N (1996)
Preparation of a monoclonal antibody specific for 5-methyl-2
0 -deoxycytidine and its application for the detection of DNA methylation levels in human peripheral blood cells. Biol Pharm
Bull 19(12):1537–1540
51. Inoue A, Shen L, Dai Q, He C, Zhang Y (2011) Generation and replication-dependent dilution
of 5fC and 5caC during mouse preimplantation development. Cell Res 21(12):1670–1676
52. Valentini E, Zampieri M, Malavolta M, Bacalini MG, Calabrese R, Guastafierro T, Reale A,
Franceschi C, Hervonen A, Koller B, Bernhardt J, Slagboom PE, Toussaint O, Sikora E,
Gonos ES, Breusing N, Grune T, Jansen E, Dolle ME, Moreno-Villanueva M, Sindlinger T,
Burkle A, Ciccarone F, Caiafa P (2016) Analysis of the machinery and intermediates of the
5hmC-mediated DNA demethylation pathway in aging on samples from the MARK-AGE
study. Aging (Albany NY) 8(9):1896–1922. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101022
53. Habib M, Fares F, Bourgeois CA, Bella C, Bernardino J, Hernandez-Blazquez F, de Capoa A,
Niveleau A (1999) DNA global hypomethylation in EBV-transformed interphase nuclei. Exp
Cell Res 249(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1999.4434
54. Liu MY, DeNizio JE, Kohli RM (2016) Quantification of oxidized 5-methylcytosine bases and
TET enzyme activity. Methods Enzymol 573:365–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2015.
12.006
55. Du C, Kurabe N, Matsushima Y, Suzuki M, Kahyo T, Ohnishi I, Tanioka F, Tajima S, Goto M,
Yamada H, Tao H, Shinmura K, Konno H, Sugimura H (2015) Robust quantitative assessments of cytosine modifications and changes in the expressions of related enzymes in gastric
cancer. Gastric Cancer 18(3):516–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-014-0409-4
56. Bachman M, Uribe-Lewis S, Yang X, Williams M, Murrell A, Balasubramanian S (2014)
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a predominantly stable DNA modification. Nat Chem 6
(12):1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2064
57. Pfaffeneder T, Spada F, Wagner M, Brandmayr C, Laube SK, Eisen D, Truss M, Steinbacher J,
Hackner B, Kotljarova O, Schuermann D, Michalakis S, Kosmatchev O, Schiesser S,
Steigenberger B, Raddaoui N, Kashiwazaki G, Muller U, Spruijt CG, Vermeulen M,
Leonhardt H, Schar P, Muller M, Carell T (2014) Tet oxidizes thymine to
516
C. L. Seiler et al.