Compliance with Ethical Standards
Funding: RB is supported by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council and
University of Oxford. AK gratefully acknowledges the Royal Society for the Dorothy Hodgkin
Fellowship and the European Research Council Starting Grant (EPITOOLS-679479) and the
Cancer Research UK Oxford Centre. We apologise for the incomplete citations of research due to
space constraints.
The authors acknowledge the EU COST Action CM1406. PBA is supported by PlanCancer
2014–2019 (EPIG-2014-01). PBA was recipient of the French Oversea Fellowship of the French
Government and Churchill College Cambridge UK.
Conflict of Interest: Roman Belle declares that he has no conflict of interest. Akane Kawamura
declares that she has no conflict of interest and Paola B. Arimondo declares that she has no conflict
of interest.
Ethical Approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Reik W (2007) Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Nature 447:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05918
2. Gros C, Fahy J, Halby L et al (2012) DNA methylation inhibitors in cancer: recent and future
approaches. Biochimie 94:2280–2296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCHI.2012.07.025
3. Ludwig AK, Zhang P, Cardoso MC (2016) Modifiers and readers of DNA modifications and
their impact on genome structure, expression, and stability in disease. Front Genet 7:115.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2016.00115
4. Jeltsch A, Jurkowska RZ (2014) New concepts in DNA methylation. Trends Biochem Sci
39:310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2014.05.002
5. Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009) The nuclear DNA Base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in
Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324:929–930. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1169786
6. Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y et al (2009) Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to
5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science
324:930–935. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170116
7. Kubik G, Summerer D (2015) Deciphering epigenetic cytosine modifications by direct
molecular recognition. ACS Chem Biol 10:1580–1589. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.
5b00158
8. Breiling A, Lyko F (2015) Epigenetic regulatory functions of DNA modifications:
5-methylcytosine and beyond. Epigenetics Chromatin 8:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072015-0016-6
9. Chen H-F, Wu K-J (2016) Epigenetics, TET proteins, and hypoxia in epithelial-mesenchymal
transition and tumorigenesis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7603/s40681-0160001-9
10. Spruijt CG, Gnerlich F, Smits AH et al (2013) Dynamic readers for 5-(Hydroxy)
methylcytosine and its oxidized derivatives. Cell 152:1146–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cell.2013.02.004
11. Traube C, Silver G, Reeder RW et al (2017) Delirium in critically ill children. Crit Care Med
45:584–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002250
278
R. Belle et al.
Funding: RB is supported by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council and
University of Oxford. AK gratefully acknowledges the Royal Society for the Dorothy Hodgkin
Fellowship and the European Research Council Starting Grant (EPITOOLS-679479) and the
Cancer Research UK Oxford Centre. We apologise for the incomplete citations of research due to
space constraints.
The authors acknowledge the EU COST Action CM1406. PBA is supported by PlanCancer
2014–2019 (EPIG-2014-01). PBA was recipient of the French Oversea Fellowship of the French
Government and Churchill College Cambridge UK.
Conflict of Interest: Roman Belle declares that he has no conflict of interest. Akane Kawamura
declares that she has no conflict of interest and Paola B. Arimondo declares that she has no conflict
of interest.
Ethical Approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Reik W (2007) Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Nature 447:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05918
2. Gros C, Fahy J, Halby L et al (2012) DNA methylation inhibitors in cancer: recent and future
approaches. Biochimie 94:2280–2296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCHI.2012.07.025
3. Ludwig AK, Zhang P, Cardoso MC (2016) Modifiers and readers of DNA modifications and
their impact on genome structure, expression, and stability in disease. Front Genet 7:115.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2016.00115
4. Jeltsch A, Jurkowska RZ (2014) New concepts in DNA methylation. Trends Biochem Sci
39:310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2014.05.002
5. Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009) The nuclear DNA Base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in
Purkinje neurons and the brain. Science 324:929–930. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1169786
6. Tahiliani M, Koh KP, Shen Y et al (2009) Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to
5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science
324:930–935. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170116
7. Kubik G, Summerer D (2015) Deciphering epigenetic cytosine modifications by direct
molecular recognition. ACS Chem Biol 10:1580–1589. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.
5b00158
8. Breiling A, Lyko F (2015) Epigenetic regulatory functions of DNA modifications:
5-methylcytosine and beyond. Epigenetics Chromatin 8:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072015-0016-6
9. Chen H-F, Wu K-J (2016) Epigenetics, TET proteins, and hypoxia in epithelial-mesenchymal
transition and tumorigenesis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7603/s40681-0160001-9
10. Spruijt CG, Gnerlich F, Smits AH et al (2013) Dynamic readers for 5-(Hydroxy)
methylcytosine and its oxidized derivatives. Cell 152:1146–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cell.2013.02.004
11. Traube C, Silver G, Reeder RW et al (2017) Delirium in critically ill children. Crit Care Med
45:584–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002250
278
R. Belle et al.