496
are constructing barriers to control flooding and altering land use and land cover
patterns to modify, mitigate, and adapt to flooding and coastal erosion. Urban planning social impact organizations have developed a coastal management framework
called a “coastal hazard wheel” that may also be used by governments to provide a
consistent approach to multi-hazard-assessments at the local, regional and national
levels; identification of hazard management options for a specific coastline; and
standardized language for communicating coastal information.
When the increasingly large and frequent storms associated with climate change
overwhelm combined sewer systems of older cities such as Detroit, MI, consequences may be federally imposed through the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit that applies to large urban wastewater treatment systems (see Sect. 8.2.3). In the case of Detroit, a financial driver for green
infrastructure construction was created through the NPDES permit, which requires
the water utility to spend a certain amount on building these alternative water management systems over the life of the permit (see Sect. 18.5.2).
Thus, cities face a fourfold challenge:
1. chart a course for sustainable development;
2. adapt to the emerging impacts of global climate change
3. develop their resilience or ability to recover from the extreme events that characterize global climate change; and
4. mitigate the ways in which they contribute to global climate change (reduce their
footprints).
While the urban FEW Nexus is driven by climate change, fossil fuel consumption associated with urban food, energy, and water supply is also one of the drivers
of anthropogenic global climate change itself. All of the things that the private sector, public sector, and civil society do to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon capture contribute to mitigating the impacts of global climate change. And vice
versa: all of the things that the three sectors do to increase carbon emissions and
reduce carbon sequestration contribute to exacerbating the impacts of global climate change.
18.2.5 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
In this section, we will focus on individuals, households, and informal groups.
While corporations, governments, and civil society organizations are composed
of individuals, these individual members act as agents of, and within the structure
of, a particular organization. In this section, we focus on the knowledge, beliefs, and
attitudes of individuals, and how those attributes interact with resources and constraints to produce behavior affecting the FEW Nexus in cities. For this chapter, we
do not elaborate a detailed model of beliefs, attitudes, and practices. We fully
acknowledge that the beliefs and attitudes of individuals are highly influenced by
the actions of organizations in the private, public, and civil sectors and that the
C. Harris et al.
are constructing barriers to control flooding and altering land use and land cover
patterns to modify, mitigate, and adapt to flooding and coastal erosion. Urban planning social impact organizations have developed a coastal management framework
called a “coastal hazard wheel” that may also be used by governments to provide a
consistent approach to multi-hazard-assessments at the local, regional and national
levels; identification of hazard management options for a specific coastline; and
standardized language for communicating coastal information.
When the increasingly large and frequent storms associated with climate change
overwhelm combined sewer systems of older cities such as Detroit, MI, consequences may be federally imposed through the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit that applies to large urban wastewater treatment systems (see Sect. 8.2.3). In the case of Detroit, a financial driver for green
infrastructure construction was created through the NPDES permit, which requires
the water utility to spend a certain amount on building these alternative water management systems over the life of the permit (see Sect. 18.5.2).
Thus, cities face a fourfold challenge:
1. chart a course for sustainable development;
2. adapt to the emerging impacts of global climate change
3. develop their resilience or ability to recover from the extreme events that characterize global climate change; and
4. mitigate the ways in which they contribute to global climate change (reduce their
footprints).
While the urban FEW Nexus is driven by climate change, fossil fuel consumption associated with urban food, energy, and water supply is also one of the drivers
of anthropogenic global climate change itself. All of the things that the private sector, public sector, and civil society do to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon capture contribute to mitigating the impacts of global climate change. And vice
versa: all of the things that the three sectors do to increase carbon emissions and
reduce carbon sequestration contribute to exacerbating the impacts of global climate change.
18.2.5 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
In this section, we will focus on individuals, households, and informal groups.
While corporations, governments, and civil society organizations are composed
of individuals, these individual members act as agents of, and within the structure
of, a particular organization. In this section, we focus on the knowledge, beliefs, and
attitudes of individuals, and how those attributes interact with resources and constraints to produce behavior affecting the FEW Nexus in cities. For this chapter, we
do not elaborate a detailed model of beliefs, attitudes, and practices. We fully
acknowledge that the beliefs and attitudes of individuals are highly influenced by
the actions of organizations in the private, public, and civil sectors and that the
C. Harris et al.