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Specific to food, SDG 12 includes: Target 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita
global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along
production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses. This is measured by
the Global Food Loss Index (Metric 12.3.1).
Specific to energy, SDG 12 includes Target 12.C. Rationalize inefficient
fossil- fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market
distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect
their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and
conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts
on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities. Metric 12.C.1 measures the level of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of
GDP (production and consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuel.
Specific to water, SDG 12 includes Target 12.4, which aims to reduce the
release of chemicals and wastes into air, water, and soil.
• SDG 13 (climate) addresses the topic with a focus on supporting the ability of
poor and vulnerable countries to adapt, adopt effective policies, support education, finance clean energy, and take other steps consistent with the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change without encroaching on its primary
authority on climate change (Chap. 11).
• SDG 14 (oceans, seas, and marine life) and SDG 15 (terrestrial ecosystems, forests, desertification, land degradation, and biodiversity) address a variety of traditional environmental issues, many of which impact food, energy, and water.
For example, reducing pollution and the degradation of ecosystem functioning
has significant implications for food production on land and in fisheries.
Specific to food are the following:
(a) Target 14.2 addresses destructive and overfishing practices and calls for
science- based management plans to restore fish stocks to levels that can be
sustainably harvested. This is measured by the proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels (Metric 14.4.1).
(b) Target 14.6 address subsidies which contribute to destructive overfishing
practices. This is measured by progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported
and unregulated fishing (Metrics 14.6.1).
(c) Target 14.7 addresses fisheries and Small Island Developing States, while
Target 14.B addresses access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine
resources and markets.
(d) Targets 15.1–15.5 address freshwater ecosystems, forests, desertification,
mountain ecosystems, and biodiversity loss respectively. These targets and
related issues will be addressed in Chap. 9 (Ecosystems).
• SDG 16 (peace, justice, and social institutions) and SDG 17 (cooperation,
finance, data and monitoring, and other activities to achieve the goals) address
the framework of societies and their interactions that will enable the SDG to be
successful.
P. Saundry and B. L. Ruddell
Specific to food, SDG 12 includes: Target 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita
global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along
production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses. This is measured by
the Global Food Loss Index (Metric 12.3.1).
Specific to energy, SDG 12 includes Target 12.C. Rationalize inefficient
fossil- fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market
distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect
their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and
conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts
on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities. Metric 12.C.1 measures the level of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of
GDP (production and consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuel.
Specific to water, SDG 12 includes Target 12.4, which aims to reduce the
release of chemicals and wastes into air, water, and soil.
• SDG 13 (climate) addresses the topic with a focus on supporting the ability of
poor and vulnerable countries to adapt, adopt effective policies, support education, finance clean energy, and take other steps consistent with the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change without encroaching on its primary
authority on climate change (Chap. 11).
• SDG 14 (oceans, seas, and marine life) and SDG 15 (terrestrial ecosystems, forests, desertification, land degradation, and biodiversity) address a variety of traditional environmental issues, many of which impact food, energy, and water.
For example, reducing pollution and the degradation of ecosystem functioning
has significant implications for food production on land and in fisheries.
Specific to food are the following:
(a) Target 14.2 addresses destructive and overfishing practices and calls for
science- based management plans to restore fish stocks to levels that can be
sustainably harvested. This is measured by the proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels (Metric 14.4.1).
(b) Target 14.6 address subsidies which contribute to destructive overfishing
practices. This is measured by progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported
and unregulated fishing (Metrics 14.6.1).
(c) Target 14.7 addresses fisheries and Small Island Developing States, while
Target 14.B addresses access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine
resources and markets.
(d) Targets 15.1–15.5 address freshwater ecosystems, forests, desertification,
mountain ecosystems, and biodiversity loss respectively. These targets and
related issues will be addressed in Chap. 9 (Ecosystems).
• SDG 16 (peace, justice, and social institutions) and SDG 17 (cooperation,
finance, data and monitoring, and other activities to achieve the goals) address
the framework of societies and their interactions that will enable the SDG to be
successful.
P. Saundry and B. L. Ruddell