590 Modern Food Microbiology
107. Solomon, H.M., D.A. Kautter, and R.K. Lynt. 1982. Effect of low temperatures on growth of nonproteolytic Clostridium
botulinum types B and F and proteolytic type G in crabmeat and broth. J. Food Protect. 45:516–518.
108. Solomon, R.M., R.K. Lynt, Jr., D.A. Kautter, and T. Lilly, Jr. 1971. Antigenic relationships among the proteolytic and
nonproteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum. Appl. Microbiol. 21:295–299.
109. Sonnabend, O., W. Sonnabend, R. Heinzle, T. Sigrist, R. Dirnhofer, and U. Krech. 1981. Isolation of Clostridium botulinum
type G and identification of type G botulinal toxin in humans: Report of five sudden unexpected deaths. J. Infect. Dis.
143:22–27.
110. Sperber, W.H. 1983. Influence of water activity on foodborne bacteria—A review. J Food Protect. 46:142–150.
111. St. Louis, M.E., S.H.S. Peck, D. Bowering, G.B. Morgan, J. Blatherwick, S. Banarjee, G.D.M. Kettyla, W.A. Black, M.E.
Milling, A.H.W. Hauschild, R.V. Tauxe, and P.A. Blake. 1988. Botulism from chopped garlic: Delayed recognition of a
major outbreak. Ann. Intern. Med. 108:363–368.
112. Stark, R.L., and C.L. Duncan. 1971. Biological characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. Infect.
Immun. 4:89–96.
113. Strong, D.H., and J.C. Canada. 1964. Survival of Clostridium perfringens in frozen chicken gravy. J. Food Sci. 29:479–482.
114. Strong, D.H., J.C. Canada, and B. Griffiths. 1963. Incidence of Clostridium perfringens in American foods. Appl. Microbiol. 11:42–44.
115. Strong, D.H., C.L. Duncan, and G. Perna. 1971. Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning. II. Response of the
rabbit ileum as an indication of enteropathogenicity of strains of Clostridium perfringens in human beings. Infect. Immun.
3:171–178.
116. Suen, J.C., C.L. Hatheway, A.G. Steigerwalt, and D.J. Brenner. 1988. Clostridium argentinense sp. nov.: a genetically
homogeneous group composed of all strains of Clostridium botulinum toxin type G and some nontoxigenic strains
previously identified as Closridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:375–381.
117. Sugii, S., I. Ohishi, and G. Sakaguchi. 1977. Correlation between oral toxicity and in vitro stability of Clostridium
botulinum types A and B toxins of different molecular sizes. Infect. Immun. 16:910–914.
118. Sugiyama, H., and D.C. Mills. 1978. Intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with Clostridium
botulinum spores. Infect. Immun. 21:59–63.
119. Sugiyama, H., and K.H. Yang. 1975. Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. Appl. Microbiol. 30:964–969.
120. Tompkin, R.B. 1980. Botulism from meat and poultry products—A historical perspective. Food Technol. 34(5):229–236,
257.
121. Trakulchang, S.P., and A.A. Kraft. 1977. Survival of Clostridium perfringens in refrigerated and frozen meat and poultry
items. J. Food Sci. 42:518–521.
122. Tsang, N., L.S. Post, and M. Solberg. 1985. Growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in model acidified
systems. J. Food Sci. 50:961–965.
123. Weiss, K.F., and D.H. Strong. 1967. Some properties of heat-resistant and heat-sensitive strains of Clostridium perfringens.
I. Heat resistance and toxigenicity. J. Bacteriol. 93:21–26.
124. Wen, Q., and B.A. McClane. 2004. Detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A isolates in American
retail foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2685–2691.
125. Wentz, M., H. Scott, and J. Vennes. 1967. Clostridium botulinum type F: Seasonal inhibition by Bacillus licheniformis.
Science 155:89–90.
126. Whelan, S.M., M.J. Elmore, N.J. Dodsworth, J.K. Brehm, T. Atkinson, and N.P. Minton. 1992. Molecular cloning of the
Clostridium botulinum structural gene encoding the type B neurotoxin and determination of its entire nucleotide sequence.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2345–2354.
127. Williams-Walls, N.J. 1968. Clostridium botulinum type F: Isolation from crabs. Science 162:375–376.
128. Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, H. Nakano, and E.A. Johnson. 1995. The genes for the Clostridium botulinum type G toxin
complex are on a plasmid. Infect. Immun. 63:2087–2091.
129. Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, and E.A. Johnson. 1993. Transfer of neurotoxigenicity from Clostridium butyricum to a nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E-like strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3825–3831.
107. Solomon, H.M., D.A. Kautter, and R.K. Lynt. 1982. Effect of low temperatures on growth of nonproteolytic Clostridium
botulinum types B and F and proteolytic type G in crabmeat and broth. J. Food Protect. 45:516–518.
108. Solomon, R.M., R.K. Lynt, Jr., D.A. Kautter, and T. Lilly, Jr. 1971. Antigenic relationships among the proteolytic and
nonproteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum. Appl. Microbiol. 21:295–299.
109. Sonnabend, O., W. Sonnabend, R. Heinzle, T. Sigrist, R. Dirnhofer, and U. Krech. 1981. Isolation of Clostridium botulinum
type G and identification of type G botulinal toxin in humans: Report of five sudden unexpected deaths. J. Infect. Dis.
143:22–27.
110. Sperber, W.H. 1983. Influence of water activity on foodborne bacteria—A review. J Food Protect. 46:142–150.
111. St. Louis, M.E., S.H.S. Peck, D. Bowering, G.B. Morgan, J. Blatherwick, S. Banarjee, G.D.M. Kettyla, W.A. Black, M.E.
Milling, A.H.W. Hauschild, R.V. Tauxe, and P.A. Blake. 1988. Botulism from chopped garlic: Delayed recognition of a
major outbreak. Ann. Intern. Med. 108:363–368.
112. Stark, R.L., and C.L. Duncan. 1971. Biological characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. Infect.
Immun. 4:89–96.
113. Strong, D.H., and J.C. Canada. 1964. Survival of Clostridium perfringens in frozen chicken gravy. J. Food Sci. 29:479–482.
114. Strong, D.H., J.C. Canada, and B. Griffiths. 1963. Incidence of Clostridium perfringens in American foods. Appl. Microbiol. 11:42–44.
115. Strong, D.H., C.L. Duncan, and G. Perna. 1971. Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning. II. Response of the
rabbit ileum as an indication of enteropathogenicity of strains of Clostridium perfringens in human beings. Infect. Immun.
3:171–178.
116. Suen, J.C., C.L. Hatheway, A.G. Steigerwalt, and D.J. Brenner. 1988. Clostridium argentinense sp. nov.: a genetically
homogeneous group composed of all strains of Clostridium botulinum toxin type G and some nontoxigenic strains
previously identified as Closridium subterminale or Clostridium hastiforme. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:375–381.
117. Sugii, S., I. Ohishi, and G. Sakaguchi. 1977. Correlation between oral toxicity and in vitro stability of Clostridium
botulinum types A and B toxins of different molecular sizes. Infect. Immun. 16:910–914.
118. Sugiyama, H., and D.C. Mills. 1978. Intraintestinal toxin in infant mice challenged intragastrically with Clostridium
botulinum spores. Infect. Immun. 21:59–63.
119. Sugiyama, H., and K.H. Yang. 1975. Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. Appl. Microbiol. 30:964–969.
120. Tompkin, R.B. 1980. Botulism from meat and poultry products—A historical perspective. Food Technol. 34(5):229–236,
257.
121. Trakulchang, S.P., and A.A. Kraft. 1977. Survival of Clostridium perfringens in refrigerated and frozen meat and poultry
items. J. Food Sci. 42:518–521.
122. Tsang, N., L.S. Post, and M. Solberg. 1985. Growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in model acidified
systems. J. Food Sci. 50:961–965.
123. Weiss, K.F., and D.H. Strong. 1967. Some properties of heat-resistant and heat-sensitive strains of Clostridium perfringens.
I. Heat resistance and toxigenicity. J. Bacteriol. 93:21–26.
124. Wen, Q., and B.A. McClane. 2004. Detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A isolates in American
retail foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2685–2691.
125. Wentz, M., H. Scott, and J. Vennes. 1967. Clostridium botulinum type F: Seasonal inhibition by Bacillus licheniformis.
Science 155:89–90.
126. Whelan, S.M., M.J. Elmore, N.J. Dodsworth, J.K. Brehm, T. Atkinson, and N.P. Minton. 1992. Molecular cloning of the
Clostridium botulinum structural gene encoding the type B neurotoxin and determination of its entire nucleotide sequence.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2345–2354.
127. Williams-Walls, N.J. 1968. Clostridium botulinum type F: Isolation from crabs. Science 162:375–376.
128. Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, H. Nakano, and E.A. Johnson. 1995. The genes for the Clostridium botulinum type G toxin
complex are on a plasmid. Infect. Immun. 63:2087–2091.
129. Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, and E.A. Johnson. 1993. Transfer of neurotoxigenicity from Clostridium butyricum to a nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E-like strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3825–3831.