588 Modern Food Microbiology
58. Kautter, D.A., S.M. Harmon, R.K. Lynt, Jr., and T. Lilly, Jr. 1966. Antagonistic effect on Clostridium botulinum type E
by organisms resembling it. Appl. Microbiol. 14:616–622.
59. Kautter, D.A., T. Lilly, Jr., H.M. Solomon, and R.K. Lynt. 1982. Clostrium botulinum spores in infant foods: A survey. J.
Food Protect. 45:1028–1029.
60. Kokai-Kun, J.F., K. Benton, E.U. Wieckowski, and B.A. McClane. 1999. Identification of a Clostridium perfringens
enterotoxin region required for large complex formation and cytotoxicity by random mutagenesis. Infect. Immun. 67:5634–
5641.
61. Konuma, H., K. Shinagawa, M. Tokumaru, Y. Onoue, S. Konno, N. Fujino, T. Shigehisa, H. Kurate, Y. Kuwabara, and
C.A.M. Lopes. 1988. Occurrence of Bacillus cereus in meat products, raw meat and meat product additives. J. Food
Protect. 51:324–326.
62. Kozaki, S., Y. Kamata, T.-I. Nishiki, H. Kakinuma, H. Maruyama, H. Takahashi, T. Karasawa, K. Yamakawa, and S.
Nakamura. 1998. Characterization of Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin associated with infant botulism in Japan.
Infect. Immun. 66:4811–4816.
63. Krakauer, T., B. Fleischer, D.L. Stevens, B.A. McClane, and B.G. Stiles. 1997. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin lacks
superantigenic activity but induces an interleukin-6 response from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect.
Immun. 65:3485–3488.
64. Labbe, R.G. 1980. Relationship between sporulation and enterotoxin production in Clostridium perfringens type A. Food
Technol. 34(4):88–90.
65. Labbe, R.G., and C.L. Duncan. 1974. Sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A under
conditions of controlled pH and temperature. Can. J. Microbiol. 20:1493–1501.
66. Labbe, R.G., and L.L. Nolan. 1981. Stimulation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. Infect. Immun. 34:50–54.
67. Labbe, R.G., and D.K. Rey. 1979. Raffinose increases sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens
type A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1196–1200.
68. Lamanna, C., R.A. Hillowalla, and C.C. Alling. 1967. Buccal exposure to botulinal toxin. J. Infect. Dis. 117:327–331.
69. Lambert, A.D., J.P. Smith, and K.L. Dodds. 1991. Combined effect of modified atmosphere packaging and low-dose
irradiation on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in fresh pork. J. Food Protect. 54:94–101.
70. Lilly, T., Jr., and D.A. Kautter. 1990. Outgrowth of naturally occurring Clostridium botulinum in vacuum-packaged fresh
fish. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 73:211–212.
71. Lindroth, S., and C. Genigeorgis. 1986. Probability of growth and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in rock fish stored under modified atmospheres. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 3:167–181.
72. Lund, B.M., A.F. Graham, S.M. George, and D. Brown. 1990. The combined effect of incubation temperature, pH and
sorbic acid on the probability of growth of nonproteolytic type B Clostridium botulinum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:481–492.
73. Lukinmaa, S., E. Takkunen, and A. Siitonen. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens related to foodborne outbreaks of disease in Finland from 1984 to 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3744–3749.
74. Lynt, R.K., D.A. Kautter, and R.B. Read, Jr., 1975. Botulism in commercially canned foods. J. Milk Food Technol.
38:546–550.
75. Lynt, R.K., H.M. Solomon, and D.A. Kautter. 1984. Heat resistance of Clostridium botulinum type G in phosphate buffer.
J. Food Protect. 47:463–466.
76. Lynt, R.K., H.M. Solomon, T. Lilly, Jr., and D.A.Kautter. 1977. Thermal death time of Clostridium botulinum type E in
meat of the blue crab. J. Food Sci. 42:1022–1025, 1037.
77. Mahony, D.E. 1977. Stable L-forms of Clostridium perfringens: Growth, toxin production, and pathogenicity. Infect.
Immun. 15:19–25.
78. M¨ antynen, V., and K. Lindstr¨ om. 1998. A rapid PCR-based test for enerotoxic Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
64:1634–1639.
79. McClung, L. 1945. Human food poisoning due to growth of Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) in freshly cooked
chicken: Preliminary note. J. Bacteriol. 50:229–231.
80. McCroskey, L.M., C.L. Hatheway, L. Fenicia, B. Pasolini, and P. Aureli. 1986. Characterization of an organism that
produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles Clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type E
botulism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:201–202.
58. Kautter, D.A., S.M. Harmon, R.K. Lynt, Jr., and T. Lilly, Jr. 1966. Antagonistic effect on Clostridium botulinum type E
by organisms resembling it. Appl. Microbiol. 14:616–622.
59. Kautter, D.A., T. Lilly, Jr., H.M. Solomon, and R.K. Lynt. 1982. Clostrium botulinum spores in infant foods: A survey. J.
Food Protect. 45:1028–1029.
60. Kokai-Kun, J.F., K. Benton, E.U. Wieckowski, and B.A. McClane. 1999. Identification of a Clostridium perfringens
enterotoxin region required for large complex formation and cytotoxicity by random mutagenesis. Infect. Immun. 67:5634–
5641.
61. Konuma, H., K. Shinagawa, M. Tokumaru, Y. Onoue, S. Konno, N. Fujino, T. Shigehisa, H. Kurate, Y. Kuwabara, and
C.A.M. Lopes. 1988. Occurrence of Bacillus cereus in meat products, raw meat and meat product additives. J. Food
Protect. 51:324–326.
62. Kozaki, S., Y. Kamata, T.-I. Nishiki, H. Kakinuma, H. Maruyama, H. Takahashi, T. Karasawa, K. Yamakawa, and S.
Nakamura. 1998. Characterization of Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin associated with infant botulism in Japan.
Infect. Immun. 66:4811–4816.
63. Krakauer, T., B. Fleischer, D.L. Stevens, B.A. McClane, and B.G. Stiles. 1997. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin lacks
superantigenic activity but induces an interleukin-6 response from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect.
Immun. 65:3485–3488.
64. Labbe, R.G. 1980. Relationship between sporulation and enterotoxin production in Clostridium perfringens type A. Food
Technol. 34(4):88–90.
65. Labbe, R.G., and C.L. Duncan. 1974. Sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A under
conditions of controlled pH and temperature. Can. J. Microbiol. 20:1493–1501.
66. Labbe, R.G., and L.L. Nolan. 1981. Stimulation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. Infect. Immun. 34:50–54.
67. Labbe, R.G., and D.K. Rey. 1979. Raffinose increases sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens
type A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1196–1200.
68. Lamanna, C., R.A. Hillowalla, and C.C. Alling. 1967. Buccal exposure to botulinal toxin. J. Infect. Dis. 117:327–331.
69. Lambert, A.D., J.P. Smith, and K.L. Dodds. 1991. Combined effect of modified atmosphere packaging and low-dose
irradiation on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in fresh pork. J. Food Protect. 54:94–101.
70. Lilly, T., Jr., and D.A. Kautter. 1990. Outgrowth of naturally occurring Clostridium botulinum in vacuum-packaged fresh
fish. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 73:211–212.
71. Lindroth, S., and C. Genigeorgis. 1986. Probability of growth and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in rock fish stored under modified atmospheres. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 3:167–181.
72. Lund, B.M., A.F. Graham, S.M. George, and D. Brown. 1990. The combined effect of incubation temperature, pH and
sorbic acid on the probability of growth of nonproteolytic type B Clostridium botulinum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:481–492.
73. Lukinmaa, S., E. Takkunen, and A. Siitonen. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens related to foodborne outbreaks of disease in Finland from 1984 to 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3744–3749.
74. Lynt, R.K., D.A. Kautter, and R.B. Read, Jr., 1975. Botulism in commercially canned foods. J. Milk Food Technol.
38:546–550.
75. Lynt, R.K., H.M. Solomon, and D.A. Kautter. 1984. Heat resistance of Clostridium botulinum type G in phosphate buffer.
J. Food Protect. 47:463–466.
76. Lynt, R.K., H.M. Solomon, T. Lilly, Jr., and D.A.Kautter. 1977. Thermal death time of Clostridium botulinum type E in
meat of the blue crab. J. Food Sci. 42:1022–1025, 1037.
77. Mahony, D.E. 1977. Stable L-forms of Clostridium perfringens: Growth, toxin production, and pathogenicity. Infect.
Immun. 15:19–25.
78. M¨ antynen, V., and K. Lindstr¨ om. 1998. A rapid PCR-based test for enerotoxic Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
64:1634–1639.
79. McClung, L. 1945. Human food poisoning due to growth of Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) in freshly cooked
chicken: Preliminary note. J. Bacteriol. 50:229–231.
80. McCroskey, L.M., C.L. Hatheway, L. Fenicia, B. Pasolini, and P. Aureli. 1986. Characterization of an organism that
produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles Clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type E
botulism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:201–202.