490 Modern Food Microbiology
Table 20–9 Mean log 10 Numbers/100 g of Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms,
and Enterococci on Lettuce and Fennel
Product
APC
Coliforms
Fecal Coliforms
Enterococci
Lettuce
7.82
4.77
3.79
3.34
Fennel
6.37
4.89
3.89
3.49
Source: Reprinted with permission from G.L. Ercolani, 23 Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Fresh Marketed Lettuce and Fennel, Applied Environmental Microbiology,
Vol. 31, pp. 847–852, copyright c
1976, American Society for Microbiology.
these two ready-to-use vegetables contained between 3 and 4 log 10 /100 g of each group.
23 Overall,
about 10% of the total coliforms were of the fecal type on both products, and all coliform genera were
present.
In a study of bird droppings around Boston Harbor that compared fecal coliforms, enterococci, and
F-specific coliphages, the cfu/g of coliforms found in bird droppings were as follows: goose, 10
1 –10
5 ;
pigeon, 10
5 –10
9 ; and herring gull, 10
3 –10
8 .
75 Further, up to 10
6 somatic coliphages, 10
8 enterococci,
and 10
2 F-specific coliphages per gram of feces were found. The intestinal carriage of numbers of this
magnitude by these healthy avians can lead to the unjustified rejection of water or seafood products
from such environments.
The relative numbers of coliphages, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in the feces of seven animal
species are compared to those of humans in Table 20–10, and it can be seen that overall all contained
relatively high numbers of each group with the following exception.
32 Neither F-specific nor somatic
phages were found in human feces in appreciable numbers, and fecal coliforms were equally high in
human and pig feces.
Table 20–10 Arithmetic Mean of the Number of Bacteriophages (pfu/g) and Indicator Bacteria
(cfu/g) in Human and Animal Feces
∗
F-Specific
Somatic
Thermotolerant
Faecal
Spores of s.r.
Source
RNA Phages
Coliphages
Coliforms
Streptococci
Clostridia
†
Pig
2.8 × 10
3
3.4 × 10
6
3.0 × 10
6
7.3 × 10
5
6.4 × 10
2
Broiler chicken
>1.2 × 10
6
1.1 × 10
7
1.9 × 10
8
5.6 × 10
6
<10
2
Dog
<10
4.1 × 10
4
9.0 × 10
7
8.2 × 10
6
1.6 × 10
6
Cow
<10
4.0 × 10
5
5.6 × 10
5
1.1 × 10
5
9.8 × 10
2
Horse
<10
2.2 × 10
4
1.8 × 10
5
1.3 × 10
4
<10
2
Sheep
1.9 × 10
3
3.1 × 10
6
1.2 × 10
7
1.3 × 10
5
<10
2
Calf
5.8 × 10
4
2.2 × 10
7
3.2 × 10
7
1.1 × 10
6
8.0 × 10
3
Human
<10
1
6.1 × 10
4
1.9 × 10
8
3.7 × 10
5
>1.8 × 10
3
∗ Results are the averages of ten mixed samples from three individuals each.
† s.r.: Sulphite reducing.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Bacteriophages and Indicator Bacteria in Human and Animal Feces,
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, A. Havelaar et al., 32 Vol. 60, p. 259, copyright c
1986, Blackwell Science Ltd.
Table 20–9 Mean log 10 Numbers/100 g of Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms,
and Enterococci on Lettuce and Fennel
Product
APC
Coliforms
Fecal Coliforms
Enterococci
Lettuce
7.82
4.77
3.79
3.34
Fennel
6.37
4.89
3.89
3.49
Source: Reprinted with permission from G.L. Ercolani, 23 Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Fresh Marketed Lettuce and Fennel, Applied Environmental Microbiology,
Vol. 31, pp. 847–852, copyright c
1976, American Society for Microbiology.
these two ready-to-use vegetables contained between 3 and 4 log 10 /100 g of each group.
23 Overall,
about 10% of the total coliforms were of the fecal type on both products, and all coliform genera were
present.
In a study of bird droppings around Boston Harbor that compared fecal coliforms, enterococci, and
F-specific coliphages, the cfu/g of coliforms found in bird droppings were as follows: goose, 10
1 –10
5 ;
pigeon, 10
5 –10
9 ; and herring gull, 10
3 –10
8 .
75 Further, up to 10
6 somatic coliphages, 10
8 enterococci,
and 10
2 F-specific coliphages per gram of feces were found. The intestinal carriage of numbers of this
magnitude by these healthy avians can lead to the unjustified rejection of water or seafood products
from such environments.
The relative numbers of coliphages, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in the feces of seven animal
species are compared to those of humans in Table 20–10, and it can be seen that overall all contained
relatively high numbers of each group with the following exception.
32 Neither F-specific nor somatic
phages were found in human feces in appreciable numbers, and fecal coliforms were equally high in
human and pig feces.
Table 20–10 Arithmetic Mean of the Number of Bacteriophages (pfu/g) and Indicator Bacteria
(cfu/g) in Human and Animal Feces
∗
F-Specific
Somatic
Thermotolerant
Faecal
Spores of s.r.
Source
RNA Phages
Coliphages
Coliforms
Streptococci
Clostridia
†
Pig
2.8 × 10
3
3.4 × 10
6
3.0 × 10
6
7.3 × 10
5
6.4 × 10
2
Broiler chicken
>1.2 × 10
6
1.1 × 10
7
1.9 × 10
8
5.6 × 10
6
<10
2
Dog
<10
4.1 × 10
4
9.0 × 10
7
8.2 × 10
6
1.6 × 10
6
Cow
<10
4.0 × 10
5
5.6 × 10
5
1.1 × 10
5
9.8 × 10
2
Horse
<10
2.2 × 10
4
1.8 × 10
5
1.3 × 10
4
<10
2
Sheep
1.9 × 10
3
3.1 × 10
6
1.2 × 10
7
1.3 × 10
5
<10
2
Calf
5.8 × 10
4
2.2 × 10
7
3.2 × 10
7
1.1 × 10
6
8.0 × 10
3
Human
<10
1
6.1 × 10
4
1.9 × 10
8
3.7 × 10
5
>1.8 × 10
3
∗ Results are the averages of ten mixed samples from three individuals each.
† s.r.: Sulphite reducing.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Bacteriophages and Indicator Bacteria in Human and Animal Feces,
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, A. Havelaar et al., 32 Vol. 60, p. 259, copyright c
1986, Blackwell Science Ltd.