412 Modern Food Microbiology
34. Jay, J.M. 1987. The tentative recognition of psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria in 48 h by their surface growth at 10 ◦ C.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 4:25–32.
35. Jezeski, J.J., and R.H. Olsen. 1962. The activity of enzymes at low temperatures. In Proceedings, Low Temperature
Microbiology Symposium—1961, 139–155. Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.
36. Kates, M., and R.M. Baxter. 1962. Lipid comparison of mesophilic and psychrotrophic yeasts (Candida species) as
influenced by environmental temperature. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 40:1213–1227.
37. Kavanau, J.L. 1950. Enzyme kinetics and the rate of biological processes. J. Gen. Physiol. 34:193–209.
38. Liu, S., J.E. Graham, L. Bigelow, P.D. Morse, II, and B.J. Wilkinson. 2002. Identification of Listeria monocytogenes genes
expressed in response to growth at low temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 1697–1705.
39. Luyet, B. 1962. Recent developments in cryobiology and their significance in the study of freezing and freeze-drying of
bacteria. In Proceedings, Low Temperature Microbiology Symposium—1961, 63–87, Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.
40. Marr, A.G., J.L. Ingraham, and C.L. Squires. 1964. Effect of the temperature of growth of Escherichia coli on the formation
of β-galactosidase. J. Bacteriol. 87:356–362.
41. Mazur, P. 1966. Physical and chemical basis of injury in single-celled microorganisms subjected to freezing and thawing.
In Cryobiology, ed. H.T. Merryman, Chap. 6. New York: Academic Press.
42. McBryde, C.N. 1911. A Bacteriological Study of Ham Souring. Bulletin No. 132. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Bureau of Animal
Industry.
43. McMurrough, I., and A.H. Rose. 1973. Effects of temperature variation on the fatty acid composition of a psychrophilic
Candida species. J. Bacteriol. 114:451–452.
44. Meer, R.R., J. Baker, F.W. Bodyfelt, and M.W. Griffiths. 1991. Psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. in fluid milk products: A
review. J. Food Protect. 54:969–979.
45. Michener, H., and R. Elliott. 1964. Minimum growth temperatures for food-poisoning, fecal-indicator, and psychrophilic
microorganisms. Adv. Food Res. 13:349–396.
46. Miller, A.J., D.O. Bayles, and S. Eblen. 2000. Cold shock induction of thermal sensitivity in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 66:4345–4350.
47. Morita, R.Y. 1975. Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 39:144–167.
48. Morita, R.Y., and L.J. Albright. 1965. Cell yields of Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile, at low temperatures. Can.
J. Microbiol. 11:221–227.
49. Mossel, D.A.A., M. Jansma, and J. De Waart. 1981. Growth potential of 114 strains of epidemiologically most common
salmonellae and arizonae between 3 and 17 ◦ C. In Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Spoilage and Pathogenicity, ed. T.A.
Roberts, G. Hobbs, J.H.B. Christian, and N. Skovgaard, 29–37. New York: Academic Press.
50. Mossel, D.A.A., and H. Zwart. 1960. The rapid tentative recognition of psychrotrophic types among Enterobacteriaceae
isolated from foods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 23:183–188.
51. Nashif, S.A., and F.E. Nelson. 1953. The lipase of Pseudomonas fragi. I. Characterization of the enzyme. J. Dairy Sci.
36:459–470.
52. Nashif, S.A., and F.E. Nelson. 1953. The lipase of Pseudomonas fragi. II. Factors affecting lipase production. J. Dairy Sci.
36:471–480.
53. Neely, W.B. 1960. Dextran: Structure and synthesis. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 15:341–369.
54. Nichols, D.S., K.A. Presser, J. Olley, T. Ross, and T.A. McMeekin. 2002. Variation of branched-chain fatty acids marks
the normal physiological range for growth in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2809–2813.
55. Olsen, R.H., and J.J. Jezeski. 1963. Some effects of carbon source, aeration, and temperature on growth of a psychrophilic
strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Bacteriol. 86:429–433.
56. Peterson, A.C., and M.F. Gunderson. 1960. Some characteristics of proteolytic enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Appl. Microbiol. 8:98–104.
57. Reuter, G. 1981. Psychrotrophic lactobacilli in meat products. In Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Spoilage and
Pathogenicity, ed. T.A. Roberts, G. Hobbs, J.H.B. Christian, and N. Skovgaard, 253–258. New York: Academic Press.
58. Rose, A.H. 1968. Physiology of microorganisms at low temperature. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 31:1–11.
59. Russell, N.J. 1971. Alteration in fatty acid chain length in Micrococcus cryophilus grown at different temperatures. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 231:254–256.
60. Scott, W.J. 1962. Available water and microbial growth. In Proceedings, Low Temperature Microbiology Symposium—1962,
89–105. Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.
34. Jay, J.M. 1987. The tentative recognition of psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria in 48 h by their surface growth at 10 ◦ C.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 4:25–32.
35. Jezeski, J.J., and R.H. Olsen. 1962. The activity of enzymes at low temperatures. In Proceedings, Low Temperature
Microbiology Symposium—1961, 139–155. Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.
36. Kates, M., and R.M. Baxter. 1962. Lipid comparison of mesophilic and psychrotrophic yeasts (Candida species) as
influenced by environmental temperature. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 40:1213–1227.
37. Kavanau, J.L. 1950. Enzyme kinetics and the rate of biological processes. J. Gen. Physiol. 34:193–209.
38. Liu, S., J.E. Graham, L. Bigelow, P.D. Morse, II, and B.J. Wilkinson. 2002. Identification of Listeria monocytogenes genes
expressed in response to growth at low temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 1697–1705.
39. Luyet, B. 1962. Recent developments in cryobiology and their significance in the study of freezing and freeze-drying of
bacteria. In Proceedings, Low Temperature Microbiology Symposium—1961, 63–87, Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.
40. Marr, A.G., J.L. Ingraham, and C.L. Squires. 1964. Effect of the temperature of growth of Escherichia coli on the formation
of β-galactosidase. J. Bacteriol. 87:356–362.
41. Mazur, P. 1966. Physical and chemical basis of injury in single-celled microorganisms subjected to freezing and thawing.
In Cryobiology, ed. H.T. Merryman, Chap. 6. New York: Academic Press.
42. McBryde, C.N. 1911. A Bacteriological Study of Ham Souring. Bulletin No. 132. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Bureau of Animal
Industry.
43. McMurrough, I., and A.H. Rose. 1973. Effects of temperature variation on the fatty acid composition of a psychrophilic
Candida species. J. Bacteriol. 114:451–452.
44. Meer, R.R., J. Baker, F.W. Bodyfelt, and M.W. Griffiths. 1991. Psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. in fluid milk products: A
review. J. Food Protect. 54:969–979.
45. Michener, H., and R. Elliott. 1964. Minimum growth temperatures for food-poisoning, fecal-indicator, and psychrophilic
microorganisms. Adv. Food Res. 13:349–396.
46. Miller, A.J., D.O. Bayles, and S. Eblen. 2000. Cold shock induction of thermal sensitivity in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 66:4345–4350.
47. Morita, R.Y. 1975. Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 39:144–167.
48. Morita, R.Y., and L.J. Albright. 1965. Cell yields of Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile, at low temperatures. Can.
J. Microbiol. 11:221–227.
49. Mossel, D.A.A., M. Jansma, and J. De Waart. 1981. Growth potential of 114 strains of epidemiologically most common
salmonellae and arizonae between 3 and 17 ◦ C. In Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Spoilage and Pathogenicity, ed. T.A.
Roberts, G. Hobbs, J.H.B. Christian, and N. Skovgaard, 29–37. New York: Academic Press.
50. Mossel, D.A.A., and H. Zwart. 1960. The rapid tentative recognition of psychrotrophic types among Enterobacteriaceae
isolated from foods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 23:183–188.
51. Nashif, S.A., and F.E. Nelson. 1953. The lipase of Pseudomonas fragi. I. Characterization of the enzyme. J. Dairy Sci.
36:459–470.
52. Nashif, S.A., and F.E. Nelson. 1953. The lipase of Pseudomonas fragi. II. Factors affecting lipase production. J. Dairy Sci.
36:471–480.
53. Neely, W.B. 1960. Dextran: Structure and synthesis. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 15:341–369.
54. Nichols, D.S., K.A. Presser, J. Olley, T. Ross, and T.A. McMeekin. 2002. Variation of branched-chain fatty acids marks
the normal physiological range for growth in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2809–2813.
55. Olsen, R.H., and J.J. Jezeski. 1963. Some effects of carbon source, aeration, and temperature on growth of a psychrophilic
strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Bacteriol. 86:429–433.
56. Peterson, A.C., and M.F. Gunderson. 1960. Some characteristics of proteolytic enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Appl. Microbiol. 8:98–104.
57. Reuter, G. 1981. Psychrotrophic lactobacilli in meat products. In Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Spoilage and
Pathogenicity, ed. T.A. Roberts, G. Hobbs, J.H.B. Christian, and N. Skovgaard, 253–258. New York: Academic Press.
58. Rose, A.H. 1968. Physiology of microorganisms at low temperature. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 31:1–11.
59. Russell, N.J. 1971. Alteration in fatty acid chain length in Micrococcus cryophilus grown at different temperatures. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 231:254–256.
60. Scott, W.J. 1962. Available water and microbial growth. In Proceedings, Low Temperature Microbiology Symposium—1962,
89–105. Camden, NJ: Campbell Soup Co.