Radiation Protection of Foods, and Nature of Microbial Radiation Resistance
393
43. Levin-Zaidman, S., J. Englander, E. Shimoni, A.K. Sharma, K.W. Minton, and A. Minsky. 2003. Ringlike sstructure of the
Deinococcus radiodurans genome: A key to radioresistance? Science 299:254–256.
44. Lewis, N.F., D.A. Madhavesh, and U.S. Kumta. 1974. Role of carotenoid pigments in radio-resistant micrococci. Can. J.
Microbiol. 20:455–459.
45. Licciardello, J.J., J.T.R. Nickerson, and S.A. Goldblith. 1966. Observations on radio-pasteurized meats after 12 years of
storage at refrigerator temperatures above freezing. Food Technol. 20:1232.
46. Liuzzo, J.S., W.B. Barone, and A.F. Novak. 1966. Stability of B-vitamins in Gulf oysters preserved by gamma radiation.
Fed. Proc. 25:722.
47. Loaharanu, P. 1989. International trade in irradiated foods: Regional status and outlook. Food Technol. 43(7):77–80.
48. Losty, T., J.S. Roth, and G. Shults. 1973. Effect of irradiation and heating on proteolytic activity of meat samples. J. Agric.
Food Chem. 21:275–277.
49. Massey, L.M., Jr., and J.B. Bourke. 1967. Some radiation-induced changes in fresh fruits and vegetables. In Radiation
Preservation of Foods, 1–11. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
50. Maxie, E., and N. Sommer. 1965. Irradiation of fruits and vegetables. In Radiation Preservation of Foods, 39–52. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy of Science.
51. Makarova, K.S., L. Aravind, Y.I. Wolf, R.L. Tatusov, K.W. Minton, E.V. Koonin, and M.J. Daly. 2001. Genome of the
extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics.
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65:44–79
52. Midura, T.F., L.L. Kempe, J.T. Graikoski, and N.A. Milone. 1965. Resistance of Clostridium perfringens type A spores to
gamma-radiation. Appl. Microbiol. 13:244–247.
53. Mulder, R.W. 1984. Ionizing energy treatment of poultry. Food Technol. Aust. 36:418–420.
54. Mulder, R.W., S. Notermans, and E.H. Kampelmacher. 1977. Inactivation of salmonellae on chilled and deep frozen broiler
carcasses by irradiation. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 42:179–185.
55. Murano, E.A. 1995. Irradiation of fresh meats. Food Technol. 49(12):52–54.
56. Murano, P.S., E.A. Murano, and D.G. Olson. 1998. Irradiated ground beef: Sensory and quality changes during storage
under various packaging conditions. J. Food Sci. 63:548–551.
57. Niemand, J.G., H.J. van derLinde, and W.H. Holzapfel. 1983. Shelf-life extension of minced beef through combined
treatments involving radurization. J. Food Protect. 46:791–796.
58. Niven, C.F., Jr. 1958. Microbiological aspects of radiation preservation of food. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 12:507–524.
59. Novak, A.F., R.M. Grodner, and M.R.R. Rao. 1967. Radiation pasteurization of fish and shellfish. In Radiation Preservation
of Foods, 142–151. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
60. Palumbo, S.A., R.K. Jenkins, R.L. Buchanan, and D.W. Thayer. 1986. Determination of irradiation D-values for Aeromonas
hydrophila. J. Food Protect. 49:189–191.
61. Patterson, M. 1989. Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to irradiation on poultry meat and in phosphate buffered saline.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 8:181–184.
62. Patterson, M.F. 1988. Sensitivity of bacteria to irradiation on poultry meat under various atmospheres. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
7:55–58.
63. Poole, S.E., P. Wilson, G.E. Mitchell, and P.A. Wills. 1990. Storage life of chilled scallops treated with low dose irradiation.
J. Food Protect. 53:763–766.
64. Prakash, A., A.R. Guner, E. Caporado, and D.M. Foley. 2000. Effects of low-dose gamma irradiation on the shelf life and
quality characteristics of cut Romaine lettuce packaged under modified atmosphere. J. Food Sci. 65:549–553.
65. Pszczola, D. 1993. Irradiated poultry makes U.S. debut in midwest and Florida markets. Food Technol. 47(11):89–96.
66. Radomyski, T., E.A. Murano, D.G. Olson, and P.S. Murano. 1994. Elimination of pathogens of significance in food by
low-dose irradiation: A review. J. Food Protect. 57:73–86.
67. Rajkowski, K.T., and D.W. Thayer. 2001. Alfalfa seed germination and yield ratio and alfalfa sprout microbial keeping
quality following irradiation of seeds and sprouts. J. Food Protect. 64:1988–1995.
68. Rajkowski, K.T., and D.W. Thayer. 2000. Raduction of Salmonella spp. and strains of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by gamma
radiation of inoculated sprouts. J. Food Protect. 63:871–875.
69. Rajkowski, K.T., G. Boyd, and D.W. Thayer. 2003. Irradiation D-values for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella sp.
on inoculated broccoli seeds and effects of irradiation on broccoli sprout keeping quality and seed viability. J. Food Protect.
66:760–766.
393
43. Levin-Zaidman, S., J. Englander, E. Shimoni, A.K. Sharma, K.W. Minton, and A. Minsky. 2003. Ringlike sstructure of the
Deinococcus radiodurans genome: A key to radioresistance? Science 299:254–256.
44. Lewis, N.F., D.A. Madhavesh, and U.S. Kumta. 1974. Role of carotenoid pigments in radio-resistant micrococci. Can. J.
Microbiol. 20:455–459.
45. Licciardello, J.J., J.T.R. Nickerson, and S.A. Goldblith. 1966. Observations on radio-pasteurized meats after 12 years of
storage at refrigerator temperatures above freezing. Food Technol. 20:1232.
46. Liuzzo, J.S., W.B. Barone, and A.F. Novak. 1966. Stability of B-vitamins in Gulf oysters preserved by gamma radiation.
Fed. Proc. 25:722.
47. Loaharanu, P. 1989. International trade in irradiated foods: Regional status and outlook. Food Technol. 43(7):77–80.
48. Losty, T., J.S. Roth, and G. Shults. 1973. Effect of irradiation and heating on proteolytic activity of meat samples. J. Agric.
Food Chem. 21:275–277.
49. Massey, L.M., Jr., and J.B. Bourke. 1967. Some radiation-induced changes in fresh fruits and vegetables. In Radiation
Preservation of Foods, 1–11. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
50. Maxie, E., and N. Sommer. 1965. Irradiation of fruits and vegetables. In Radiation Preservation of Foods, 39–52. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy of Science.
51. Makarova, K.S., L. Aravind, Y.I. Wolf, R.L. Tatusov, K.W. Minton, E.V. Koonin, and M.J. Daly. 2001. Genome of the
extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics.
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65:44–79
52. Midura, T.F., L.L. Kempe, J.T. Graikoski, and N.A. Milone. 1965. Resistance of Clostridium perfringens type A spores to
gamma-radiation. Appl. Microbiol. 13:244–247.
53. Mulder, R.W. 1984. Ionizing energy treatment of poultry. Food Technol. Aust. 36:418–420.
54. Mulder, R.W., S. Notermans, and E.H. Kampelmacher. 1977. Inactivation of salmonellae on chilled and deep frozen broiler
carcasses by irradiation. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 42:179–185.
55. Murano, E.A. 1995. Irradiation of fresh meats. Food Technol. 49(12):52–54.
56. Murano, P.S., E.A. Murano, and D.G. Olson. 1998. Irradiated ground beef: Sensory and quality changes during storage
under various packaging conditions. J. Food Sci. 63:548–551.
57. Niemand, J.G., H.J. van derLinde, and W.H. Holzapfel. 1983. Shelf-life extension of minced beef through combined
treatments involving radurization. J. Food Protect. 46:791–796.
58. Niven, C.F., Jr. 1958. Microbiological aspects of radiation preservation of food. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 12:507–524.
59. Novak, A.F., R.M. Grodner, and M.R.R. Rao. 1967. Radiation pasteurization of fish and shellfish. In Radiation Preservation
of Foods, 142–151. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
60. Palumbo, S.A., R.K. Jenkins, R.L. Buchanan, and D.W. Thayer. 1986. Determination of irradiation D-values for Aeromonas
hydrophila. J. Food Protect. 49:189–191.
61. Patterson, M. 1989. Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to irradiation on poultry meat and in phosphate buffered saline.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 8:181–184.
62. Patterson, M.F. 1988. Sensitivity of bacteria to irradiation on poultry meat under various atmospheres. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
7:55–58.
63. Poole, S.E., P. Wilson, G.E. Mitchell, and P.A. Wills. 1990. Storage life of chilled scallops treated with low dose irradiation.
J. Food Protect. 53:763–766.
64. Prakash, A., A.R. Guner, E. Caporado, and D.M. Foley. 2000. Effects of low-dose gamma irradiation on the shelf life and
quality characteristics of cut Romaine lettuce packaged under modified atmosphere. J. Food Sci. 65:549–553.
65. Pszczola, D. 1993. Irradiated poultry makes U.S. debut in midwest and Florida markets. Food Technol. 47(11):89–96.
66. Radomyski, T., E.A. Murano, D.G. Olson, and P.S. Murano. 1994. Elimination of pathogens of significance in food by
low-dose irradiation: A review. J. Food Protect. 57:73–86.
67. Rajkowski, K.T., and D.W. Thayer. 2001. Alfalfa seed germination and yield ratio and alfalfa sprout microbial keeping
quality following irradiation of seeds and sprouts. J. Food Protect. 64:1988–1995.
68. Rajkowski, K.T., and D.W. Thayer. 2000. Raduction of Salmonella spp. and strains of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by gamma
radiation of inoculated sprouts. J. Food Protect. 63:871–875.
69. Rajkowski, K.T., G. Boyd, and D.W. Thayer. 2003. Irradiation D-values for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella sp.
on inoculated broccoli seeds and effects of irradiation on broccoli sprout keeping quality and seed viability. J. Food Protect.
66:760–766.