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R. Sivaranjanee and P. Senthil Kumar
system followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the thermodynamic data
revealed that the process is exothermic and spontaneous [51]. Cassia fistula seeds
underwent physical and chemical modification to yield activated carbon. This AC
material was used as an adsorbent for the expulsion of pollutant existing in wastewater. The equilibrium data responded very well to pseudo-first-order kinetic model
[52]. Biosorbent was developed from dried Spirulina platensis algae by exposing
the algae to ultrasonication and sulphuric acid. On doing so, sorption capacity of the
biomass can be upgraded. The biosorbent derived from the above-mentioned algae
revealed good sorption capacity, and it also helped in the expulsion of the pollutant
namely copper ions present in aqueous solutions [53]. Surface modified eucalyptus
seeds were engaged in the removal of pollutant from aqueous solution. Surface modification improves the porosity of the material, and it also enhances the adsorption
capacity of the biomass utilized for expulsion of the pollutant present in the system
[54]. The biomass from Lantana camara fruit was used in expulsion of pollutant from
aqueous solution. The tincture from L. camara fruit was utilized as a capping agent
in the preparation of nanoparticles which was obtained by following co-precipitation
method [55]. The eucalyptus seeds were gathered and then subjected to dehydration
process to eliminate the moisture present in the seeds, and the final biomass obtained
was utilized to evict the pollutant present in the system, and the maximum sorption
capacity was determined to be 76.94 mg/g [56]. Eucalyptus seeds were recognized as
a very potential source of biomass, and these seeds underwent chemical modification
to increase the active sites available in the eucalyptus seeds. This low-cost biosorbent
was very helpful to reject the pollutants present in the wastewater system, respectively [57]. C. urens seeds were selected as a source of agro-based biomass material
which was very effective to clear the pollutants present in the aqueous system. This
C. urens seeds underwent H 2 SO 4 modification and ultrasonication process which
rendered a uniform particle size and also hiked the number the active sites available
for the sorption process. The equilibrium data fitted extremely well into Freundlich
and pseudo-first-order models, and the monolayer sorption capacity of the pollutant
was determined to be 93.7 and 175.9 mg/g, respectively, for the above two mentioned
modified C. urens seeds [58]. The biochar acquired from Cassia fistula seed was ecofriendly, and it was utilized to get rid of pollutant present in aqueous system. The
biochar was prepared by subjecting the seeds to physical and chemical treatment. The
biochar synthesized by adopting chemical method showed better sorption capacity
of about 303.5 mg/g when compared to the one (115.4 mg/g) obtained from physical method [59]. An agro waste from periwinkle shells was utilized as a precursor
and carbon source. The periwinkle shells underwent chemical activation technique
in the presence of KOH, and finally, the biochar thus obtained by this methodology was utilized to expel Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R [60]. Activated carbon (AC)
extracted from Durian peel was made use to knock out Basic Green 4 dye present in
the system. The activated carbon was produced by carbon dioxide activation under
nitrogen atmosphere or vacuum pyrolysis. The AC produced by vacuum pyrolysis
gave better results. Results were much higher when the AC was further treated with
HCl [61] (Table 1).
R. Sivaranjanee and P. Senthil Kumar
system followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the thermodynamic data
revealed that the process is exothermic and spontaneous [51]. Cassia fistula seeds
underwent physical and chemical modification to yield activated carbon. This AC
material was used as an adsorbent for the expulsion of pollutant existing in wastewater. The equilibrium data responded very well to pseudo-first-order kinetic model
[52]. Biosorbent was developed from dried Spirulina platensis algae by exposing
the algae to ultrasonication and sulphuric acid. On doing so, sorption capacity of the
biomass can be upgraded. The biosorbent derived from the above-mentioned algae
revealed good sorption capacity, and it also helped in the expulsion of the pollutant
namely copper ions present in aqueous solutions [53]. Surface modified eucalyptus
seeds were engaged in the removal of pollutant from aqueous solution. Surface modification improves the porosity of the material, and it also enhances the adsorption
capacity of the biomass utilized for expulsion of the pollutant present in the system
[54]. The biomass from Lantana camara fruit was used in expulsion of pollutant from
aqueous solution. The tincture from L. camara fruit was utilized as a capping agent
in the preparation of nanoparticles which was obtained by following co-precipitation
method [55]. The eucalyptus seeds were gathered and then subjected to dehydration
process to eliminate the moisture present in the seeds, and the final biomass obtained
was utilized to evict the pollutant present in the system, and the maximum sorption
capacity was determined to be 76.94 mg/g [56]. Eucalyptus seeds were recognized as
a very potential source of biomass, and these seeds underwent chemical modification
to increase the active sites available in the eucalyptus seeds. This low-cost biosorbent
was very helpful to reject the pollutants present in the wastewater system, respectively [57]. C. urens seeds were selected as a source of agro-based biomass material
which was very effective to clear the pollutants present in the aqueous system. This
C. urens seeds underwent H 2 SO 4 modification and ultrasonication process which
rendered a uniform particle size and also hiked the number the active sites available
for the sorption process. The equilibrium data fitted extremely well into Freundlich
and pseudo-first-order models, and the monolayer sorption capacity of the pollutant
was determined to be 93.7 and 175.9 mg/g, respectively, for the above two mentioned
modified C. urens seeds [58]. The biochar acquired from Cassia fistula seed was ecofriendly, and it was utilized to get rid of pollutant present in aqueous system. The
biochar was prepared by subjecting the seeds to physical and chemical treatment. The
biochar synthesized by adopting chemical method showed better sorption capacity
of about 303.5 mg/g when compared to the one (115.4 mg/g) obtained from physical method [59]. An agro waste from periwinkle shells was utilized as a precursor
and carbon source. The periwinkle shells underwent chemical activation technique
in the presence of KOH, and finally, the biochar thus obtained by this methodology was utilized to expel Remazol Brilliant Violet-5R [60]. Activated carbon (AC)
extracted from Durian peel was made use to knock out Basic Green 4 dye present in
the system. The activated carbon was produced by carbon dioxide activation under
nitrogen atmosphere or vacuum pyrolysis. The AC produced by vacuum pyrolysis
gave better results. Results were much higher when the AC was further treated with
HCl [61] (Table 1).