Dyestuff Adsorbing Natural Composites for Wastewater Treatments
115
Fig. 4 Cation exchange reaction between the alkali ammonium ions and layered silicates and
between the changeable cations that are inside the polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites
layers more organophilic, hydrate cations at the layers are changed with surfaceactive agents such as alkali ammonium and alkali phosphonium. The clays that are
organically modified, organophilic, and have less surface energy are more compatible
with organic polymers so these polymers can get into the middle layers. When the
inorganic changeable cations are changed by the organic onium ions which are at the
middle layer surfaces, the polarity of the polymer pairs and the surface polarity of
the clay and the middle layers of the clays enlarge. Thereby, when organo-modified
silicates (organoclays) and ions that have long alkali chains are used, dyestuffs,
polymers, and other such chemicals can penetrate more decent [35].
The primary change of metallic cations with organic cations takes place in the
aqueous medium. The hydrophobic organic tails going away tendency from the
aqueous medium and the tendency to hydration of little inorganic cations in water
make a repulsive power for the reaction. The neutralization of the negatively charged
layers occurs when the positively charged ions settle inside gaps of the inner layers.
Van der Waals force is formed between oxygen and alkali chain. As a result of the
primary adsorption of ammonium cations, three cases take place at the inner layer
115
Fig. 4 Cation exchange reaction between the alkali ammonium ions and layered silicates and
between the changeable cations that are inside the polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites
layers more organophilic, hydrate cations at the layers are changed with surfaceactive agents such as alkali ammonium and alkali phosphonium. The clays that are
organically modified, organophilic, and have less surface energy are more compatible
with organic polymers so these polymers can get into the middle layers. When the
inorganic changeable cations are changed by the organic onium ions which are at the
middle layer surfaces, the polarity of the polymer pairs and the surface polarity of
the clay and the middle layers of the clays enlarge. Thereby, when organo-modified
silicates (organoclays) and ions that have long alkali chains are used, dyestuffs,
polymers, and other such chemicals can penetrate more decent [35].
The primary change of metallic cations with organic cations takes place in the
aqueous medium. The hydrophobic organic tails going away tendency from the
aqueous medium and the tendency to hydration of little inorganic cations in water
make a repulsive power for the reaction. The neutralization of the negatively charged
layers occurs when the positively charged ions settle inside gaps of the inner layers.
Van der Waals force is formed between oxygen and alkali chain. As a result of the
primary adsorption of ammonium cations, three cases take place at the inner layer