110
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
3 Adsorbent Materials
Adsorbent material usage is one of the alternative refinement methods. They show
promise for holding dyestuff and chemical agents. The holding ability of materials
depends on the adsorption capacity and ionic characteristics. Thanks to the suitable
interaction between adsorbed chemical and adsorbent, the chemical is removed from
wastewater and kept in the adsorbent. Adsorbent materials can be natural or polymerbased, i.e., more synthetic ones, but behaviors are the same in principle.
3.1 Properties
The physical properties of adsorbents can be changed according to their raw materials
and desired conditions of end usage. First, physical property can be the shape of
adsorbent as pellet, rod, molding, or monolith, while the other one is size such as
0.25 and 5 mm of the radius, but pore amount and size are also indicative. To be
an effective adsorbent, it must have high stability for thermally and mechanically
to withstand the process conditions and showing the same behavior without any
loss, structure with pores that make surface area higher, and high capacity to adsorb
enough material [19].
3.2 Working Mechanism
Collecting a material or chemical in the interface of a host material is known as
adsorption. The substance that is collected is called adsorbate, while the collecting
material is adsorbent, and both of them can be solid, liquid, or gas [20]. This collection
mechanism changes according to the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate
as chemical or physical. Due to the interaction type, the type of adsorption changes.
Physisorption is done by using physical interactions which is the result of energy
and entropy decrease as Van der Waals forces, surface adsorption, hydrophobic
interactions, hydrogen bond, diffusion into the material network, and these types
of adsorptions can be reversible. Chemisorption is done by chemical interactions as
ionic or covalent bonding, complexation (coordination), proton displacement, chelation, electrostatic interactions, oxidation/reduction, inclusion complex formation,
and it is irreversible, and it has a high range of heat because of strong chemical
bonding. Adsorptions are affected by temperature, the concentrations of adsorbate
and adsorbent [20–22].
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
3 Adsorbent Materials
Adsorbent material usage is one of the alternative refinement methods. They show
promise for holding dyestuff and chemical agents. The holding ability of materials
depends on the adsorption capacity and ionic characteristics. Thanks to the suitable
interaction between adsorbed chemical and adsorbent, the chemical is removed from
wastewater and kept in the adsorbent. Adsorbent materials can be natural or polymerbased, i.e., more synthetic ones, but behaviors are the same in principle.
3.1 Properties
The physical properties of adsorbents can be changed according to their raw materials
and desired conditions of end usage. First, physical property can be the shape of
adsorbent as pellet, rod, molding, or monolith, while the other one is size such as
0.25 and 5 mm of the radius, but pore amount and size are also indicative. To be
an effective adsorbent, it must have high stability for thermally and mechanically
to withstand the process conditions and showing the same behavior without any
loss, structure with pores that make surface area higher, and high capacity to adsorb
enough material [19].
3.2 Working Mechanism
Collecting a material or chemical in the interface of a host material is known as
adsorption. The substance that is collected is called adsorbate, while the collecting
material is adsorbent, and both of them can be solid, liquid, or gas [20]. This collection
mechanism changes according to the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate
as chemical or physical. Due to the interaction type, the type of adsorption changes.
Physisorption is done by using physical interactions which is the result of energy
and entropy decrease as Van der Waals forces, surface adsorption, hydrophobic
interactions, hydrogen bond, diffusion into the material network, and these types
of adsorptions can be reversible. Chemisorption is done by chemical interactions as
ionic or covalent bonding, complexation (coordination), proton displacement, chelation, electrostatic interactions, oxidation/reduction, inclusion complex formation,
and it is irreversible, and it has a high range of heat because of strong chemical
bonding. Adsorptions are affected by temperature, the concentrations of adsorbate
and adsorbent [20–22].