with the interaction ranging from synergism to augmentation
[217, 218].
l
IJs of EPNs can withstand about 2–24 h exposure to many
chemicals and biological insecticides, fungicides, herbicides,
nematicides, fertilizers, and growth factors.
l
They can be mixed and applied simultaneously on the field.
l
The concentration of chemicals to which the EPNs are mixed
depends on the volume of the mixture to be used [219].
l
Chemical pesticides like terbufos, fonofos, tefluthrin [220],
acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, lambdacyhalothrin, spinosad, thiomethoxam, atrazine, 2,4-D sodium salt, cyhalofop-butyl,
isoproturon, pendimethalin, validamycin, mancozeb, carbendazim, and hexaconazole [221] tend to be compatible and synergistic when applied with EPNs.
8 Application Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
l
Select the right nematode species with factors including virulence, host finding, environmental tolerance, and persistence to
match against the target insect.
l
Protect the nematodes from biotic factors like nematode pathogens, predators, and other soil organisms.
l
Apply the applications in the early morning or evening hours to
avoid exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
l
Protect from the relative humidity and temperature.
l
Provide adequate soil moisture, so that the entomopathogenic
nematodes can move around and locate their host.
9 Soil Application
l
The most popular type of nematode application is spraying the
surface of the soil [209].
l
The EPN application should be started as soon as the insect pest
population is observed to cause crop damage.
l
The reproduction and migration of nematodes are determined
by soil type and moisture.
l
Nematodes need a thin film of water for movement.
l
The impact of soil moisture on nematode host-finding is unique
to organisms.
l
After nematode application, maintaining optimum soil moisture
enhances activity and efficacy [222].
Soil Application
151
[217, 218].
l
IJs of EPNs can withstand about 2–24 h exposure to many
chemicals and biological insecticides, fungicides, herbicides,
nematicides, fertilizers, and growth factors.
l
They can be mixed and applied simultaneously on the field.
l
The concentration of chemicals to which the EPNs are mixed
depends on the volume of the mixture to be used [219].
l
Chemical pesticides like terbufos, fonofos, tefluthrin [220],
acetamiprid, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, lambdacyhalothrin, spinosad, thiomethoxam, atrazine, 2,4-D sodium salt, cyhalofop-butyl,
isoproturon, pendimethalin, validamycin, mancozeb, carbendazim, and hexaconazole [221] tend to be compatible and synergistic when applied with EPNs.
8 Application Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
l
Select the right nematode species with factors including virulence, host finding, environmental tolerance, and persistence to
match against the target insect.
l
Protect the nematodes from biotic factors like nematode pathogens, predators, and other soil organisms.
l
Apply the applications in the early morning or evening hours to
avoid exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
l
Protect from the relative humidity and temperature.
l
Provide adequate soil moisture, so that the entomopathogenic
nematodes can move around and locate their host.
9 Soil Application
l
The most popular type of nematode application is spraying the
surface of the soil [209].
l
The EPN application should be started as soon as the insect pest
population is observed to cause crop damage.
l
The reproduction and migration of nematodes are determined
by soil type and moisture.
l
Nematodes need a thin film of water for movement.
l
The impact of soil moisture on nematode host-finding is unique
to organisms.
l
After nematode application, maintaining optimum soil moisture
enhances activity and efficacy [222].
Soil Application
151