Demirbas MF (2009b) Biorefineries for biofuel upgrading: A critical review. Appl Energy 86(1):
S151–S161
Dimitriou I, Goldingay H, Bridgwater AV (2018) Techno-economic and uncertainty analysis of
Biomass to Liquid (BTL) systems for transport fuel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
88:60–175
Dry ME (2002a) The Fischer-Tropsch process: 1950–2000. Catal Today 71(3–4):227–241
Dry ME (2002b) High quality diesel via the Fischer-Tropsch process – a review. J Chem Technol
Biotechnol 77(1):43–50
Dwivedi P, Alavalapati JRR, Lal P (2009) Cellulosic ethanol production in the United States:
conversion technologies, current production status, economics, and emerging developments.
Energy Sustain Dev 13:174–182
Eckey EW (1956) Esterification and interesterification. J Am Oil Chem Sot 33:575–579
Eilers J, Posthuma SA, Sie ST (1990) The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process (SMDS). Catal
Lett 7:253–270
Fan Y, Wu G, Su F, Li K, Xu L, Han X, Yan Y (2016) Dendrimer-coated magnetic multiwalled
carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and employed in immobilization of lipases
toward catalyzing biodiesel production. Fuel 178:172–178
Fan Y, Su F, Li K, Ke C, Yan Y (2017) Carbon nanotube filled with magnetic iron oxide and
modified with polyamidoamine dendrimers for immobilizing lipase toward application in
biodiesel production. Sci Rep 7:45643. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45643
Festel G, Würmseher M, Rammer C, Boles E, Bellof M (2014) Modelling production cost scenarios
for biofuels and fossil fuels in Europe. J Clean Prod 66:242–253
Fleisch TH, Sills RA, Briscoe MD (2002) Emergence of the gas-to-liquids industry: a review of
global GTL developments. J Nat Gas Chem 11:1–14
Foong TM, Morganti KJ, Brear MJ, da Silva G, Yang Y, Dryer FL (2014) The octane numbers of
ethanol blended with gasoline and its surrogates. Fuel 115:727–739
Freedman B, Butterileld RO, Pryde EH (1986) Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J Am Oil
Chem Sot 63:1375–1380
Fürnsinn S (2007) Outwitting the dilemma of scale: cost and energy efficient scale-down of the
Fischer-Tropsch fuel production from biomass [Ph.D. Thesis]. Vienna University of
Technology
Gautam M, Martin DW II (2000) Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends.
Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part A: J Power Energy 214(5):497–511. https://doi.org/10.1243/
0957650001538047
Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Rakopoulos DC (2012) Exhaust emissions of
diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends. Progr Energy
Combust Sci 38(5):691–715
Gill SS, Tsolakis A, Dearn KD, Rodriguez-Fernandez J (2011) Combustion characteristics and
emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines. Progr Energy Combust Sci 37
(4):503–523
Gírio FM, Fonseca C, Carvalheiro F, Duarte LC, Marques S, Bogel-Łukasik R (2010)
Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresour Technol 101:4775–4800
Graboski MS, McCormick RL (1998) Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel
engines. Progr Energy Combust Sci 24(2):125–164
Gravalos I, Moshou D, Gialamas T, Xyradakis P, Kateris D, Tsiropoulos Z (2013) Emissions
characteristics of spark ignition engine operating on lower-higher molecular mass alcohol
blended gasoline fuels. Renew Energy 50:27–32
GREENEA (2015) Is HVO the Holy Grail of the World Biodiesel Market?
Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2008) Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as
biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33:1646–1653
Hahn-hägerdal B, Karhumaa K, Fonseca C, Spencer-Martins I, Gorwagrauslund MF (2007)
Towards industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:937–953
1 Biofuels: Types and Process Overview
31
S151–S161
Dimitriou I, Goldingay H, Bridgwater AV (2018) Techno-economic and uncertainty analysis of
Biomass to Liquid (BTL) systems for transport fuel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
88:60–175
Dry ME (2002a) The Fischer-Tropsch process: 1950–2000. Catal Today 71(3–4):227–241
Dry ME (2002b) High quality diesel via the Fischer-Tropsch process – a review. J Chem Technol
Biotechnol 77(1):43–50
Dwivedi P, Alavalapati JRR, Lal P (2009) Cellulosic ethanol production in the United States:
conversion technologies, current production status, economics, and emerging developments.
Energy Sustain Dev 13:174–182
Eckey EW (1956) Esterification and interesterification. J Am Oil Chem Sot 33:575–579
Eilers J, Posthuma SA, Sie ST (1990) The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis process (SMDS). Catal
Lett 7:253–270
Fan Y, Wu G, Su F, Li K, Xu L, Han X, Yan Y (2016) Dendrimer-coated magnetic multiwalled
carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and employed in immobilization of lipases
toward catalyzing biodiesel production. Fuel 178:172–178
Fan Y, Su F, Li K, Ke C, Yan Y (2017) Carbon nanotube filled with magnetic iron oxide and
modified with polyamidoamine dendrimers for immobilizing lipase toward application in
biodiesel production. Sci Rep 7:45643. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45643
Festel G, Würmseher M, Rammer C, Boles E, Bellof M (2014) Modelling production cost scenarios
for biofuels and fossil fuels in Europe. J Clean Prod 66:242–253
Fleisch TH, Sills RA, Briscoe MD (2002) Emergence of the gas-to-liquids industry: a review of
global GTL developments. J Nat Gas Chem 11:1–14
Foong TM, Morganti KJ, Brear MJ, da Silva G, Yang Y, Dryer FL (2014) The octane numbers of
ethanol blended with gasoline and its surrogates. Fuel 115:727–739
Freedman B, Butterileld RO, Pryde EH (1986) Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J Am Oil
Chem Sot 63:1375–1380
Fürnsinn S (2007) Outwitting the dilemma of scale: cost and energy efficient scale-down of the
Fischer-Tropsch fuel production from biomass [Ph.D. Thesis]. Vienna University of
Technology
Gautam M, Martin DW II (2000) Combustion characteristics of higher-alcohol/gasoline blends.
Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part A: J Power Energy 214(5):497–511. https://doi.org/10.1243/
0957650001538047
Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Rakopoulos DC (2012) Exhaust emissions of
diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends. Progr Energy
Combust Sci 38(5):691–715
Gill SS, Tsolakis A, Dearn KD, Rodriguez-Fernandez J (2011) Combustion characteristics and
emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines. Progr Energy Combust Sci 37
(4):503–523
Gírio FM, Fonseca C, Carvalheiro F, Duarte LC, Marques S, Bogel-Łukasik R (2010)
Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresour Technol 101:4775–4800
Graboski MS, McCormick RL (1998) Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel
engines. Progr Energy Combust Sci 24(2):125–164
Gravalos I, Moshou D, Gialamas T, Xyradakis P, Kateris D, Tsiropoulos Z (2013) Emissions
characteristics of spark ignition engine operating on lower-higher molecular mass alcohol
blended gasoline fuels. Renew Energy 50:27–32
GREENEA (2015) Is HVO the Holy Grail of the World Biodiesel Market?
Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2008) Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as
biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33:1646–1653
Hahn-hägerdal B, Karhumaa K, Fonseca C, Spencer-Martins I, Gorwagrauslund MF (2007)
Towards industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:937–953
1 Biofuels: Types and Process Overview
31