the wash cycle. Using cellulases is advantageous over pumice stones as it offers less
damage to fabric, environment benign, and less work intensive, and more importantly, machines become more productive (Singh et al. 2007; Sukumaran et al. 2005;
Uhlig 1998; Galante et al. 1998).
Biopolishing is usually a wet processing stage including desizing, scouring,
bleaching, dyeing, and finishing. Crude cellulase (acidic) significantly improves
the softness and water absorbance of the fabric. Besides, clean surface with less
lint is obtained, and bobble formation tendency is heavily reduced. Enhanced feel,
color, and look of fabrics may be achieved through biopolishing using cellulases rich
in endoglucanases without any help of chemical treatment (Galante et al. 1998;
Sreenath et al. 1996). As an environmentally benign process, use of cellulases offers
improved hydrophilicity, moisture absorbance, and color brightness and forms a
silky and glossy look of the fabrics by removing surface pills and short fibers (Bhat
2000).
The frequent washing of cotton or cotton-blended fabrics makes them furry and
dull since detached microfibrils are formed on the surface. Cellulase containing
endoglucanase has the ability to revive the original color and sleeky surface by
removing these microfibrils, and the garment becomes soft as dirt particles trapped in
the microfibrils are removed (Hebeish and Ibrahim 2007; Ibrahim et al. 2011).
Several attempts were performed to enhance the surface and dyeing characteristics
of cotton/polyester (50/50)-blended fabrics, mercerized cotton and bleached cotton
and to promote the dimensional constancy of cellulosic garments through biological
treatment using the pad-wet batch technique in the presence of cellulases and
subsequently washing the garments through the mechanical process (Ibrahim et al.
2011; Cortez et al. 2002).
10.7 Olive Oil Extraction
In conventional method, slightly immature, fresh and clean olives are used through
cold pressing condition, including a series of processes: (1) crushing and grinding
using hammer or stone mills, (2) sending the paste through various mixture
machines and horizontal carafe, and finally (3) recovering the oil using high-speed
centrifuge. Nevertheless, high yield olive oil may be extracted from fully ripened
olive with high acidity and poor and tainted aura (Galante et al. 1998; De Faveri et al.
2008). As such, environmentally benign and improved, but effective method using
biological extraction of high-quality olive oil is required to meet the continual
increased demand. Crude liquefied cellulase, named Olivex (pectinase with cellulase
and hemicellulase), was first of its kind to use in improving olive oil extraction
(Fantozzi et al. 1977). Liquefied crude cellulase is advantageous as it increases the
olive oil yield under cold processing conditions, gives a better fractionation of the oil
paste through the centrifugal process, increases vitamin E and high levels of
antioxidants, curtails the induction of rancidity, improves the overall plant efficiency, and lowers the amount of oil in the waste (Galante et al. 1998).
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damage to fabric, environment benign, and less work intensive, and more importantly, machines become more productive (Singh et al. 2007; Sukumaran et al. 2005;
Uhlig 1998; Galante et al. 1998).
Biopolishing is usually a wet processing stage including desizing, scouring,
bleaching, dyeing, and finishing. Crude cellulase (acidic) significantly improves
the softness and water absorbance of the fabric. Besides, clean surface with less
lint is obtained, and bobble formation tendency is heavily reduced. Enhanced feel,
color, and look of fabrics may be achieved through biopolishing using cellulases rich
in endoglucanases without any help of chemical treatment (Galante et al. 1998;
Sreenath et al. 1996). As an environmentally benign process, use of cellulases offers
improved hydrophilicity, moisture absorbance, and color brightness and forms a
silky and glossy look of the fabrics by removing surface pills and short fibers (Bhat
2000).
The frequent washing of cotton or cotton-blended fabrics makes them furry and
dull since detached microfibrils are formed on the surface. Cellulase containing
endoglucanase has the ability to revive the original color and sleeky surface by
removing these microfibrils, and the garment becomes soft as dirt particles trapped in
the microfibrils are removed (Hebeish and Ibrahim 2007; Ibrahim et al. 2011).
Several attempts were performed to enhance the surface and dyeing characteristics
of cotton/polyester (50/50)-blended fabrics, mercerized cotton and bleached cotton
and to promote the dimensional constancy of cellulosic garments through biological
treatment using the pad-wet batch technique in the presence of cellulases and
subsequently washing the garments through the mechanical process (Ibrahim et al.
2011; Cortez et al. 2002).
10.7 Olive Oil Extraction
In conventional method, slightly immature, fresh and clean olives are used through
cold pressing condition, including a series of processes: (1) crushing and grinding
using hammer or stone mills, (2) sending the paste through various mixture
machines and horizontal carafe, and finally (3) recovering the oil using high-speed
centrifuge. Nevertheless, high yield olive oil may be extracted from fully ripened
olive with high acidity and poor and tainted aura (Galante et al. 1998; De Faveri et al.
2008). As such, environmentally benign and improved, but effective method using
biological extraction of high-quality olive oil is required to meet the continual
increased demand. Crude liquefied cellulase, named Olivex (pectinase with cellulase
and hemicellulase), was first of its kind to use in improving olive oil extraction
(Fantozzi et al. 1977). Liquefied crude cellulase is advantageous as it increases the
olive oil yield under cold processing conditions, gives a better fractionation of the oil
paste through the centrifugal process, increases vitamin E and high levels of
antioxidants, curtails the induction of rancidity, improves the overall plant efficiency, and lowers the amount of oil in the waste (Galante et al. 1998).
290
M. S. H. K. Tushar and A. Dutta