2012)), which means these may be used as a valuable carbon source to produce very
useful value-added chemicals. Biochemical conversion, such as fermentation in the
presence of microbes, is one of the conversion techniques, which needs depolymerization to attain these chemicals. Due to the use of inorganic acids during chemical
hydrolysis, furfurals are produced along with fermentable sugars that inhibit successive fermentation steps which require detoxification steps to remove these inhibitors
(Brodeur et al. 2011).
To improve energy security and to reduce the adverse effect of climate change,
the use of bioethanol has become a major issue nowadays. Current bioethanol
production is performed from sugars and processed starches obtained from different
fruits and grains. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable resource of
producing bioethanol since they contain cellulose and hemicelluloses which are
polymers of glucose. For this, they are continuously investigated of producing
ethanol despite of production cost and time (Sakai et al. 2007; Sheehan and Himmel
1999).
Due to the difficulty of degrading cellulosic biomass biochemically for its
complex and rigid structure, cellulose degrading enzymes have drawn the eyes of
researchers. By using these complex structure as a mean of energy source,
microorganisms eventually produce a complex enzyme system which is membrane
bond or extracellular in nature. These enzymes are termed as cellulases and of
hydrolase class. These enzymes are capable of degrading insoluble cellulose complex compounds in soluble oligosaccharides (Henrissat and Davies 1997). Cellulase
converts the lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol, single cell protein, glucose, and
other useful products through bioconversion by hydrolyzing (1–4) in cellulose
(Chalal 1985). These enzymes are mainly generated by fungi, ruminants, insects,
and plants from insects, plants, and microorganisms.
Although several species of fungi aid in producing cellulase, in terms of the
quantity of production, only a few of these fungi are able to degrade the crystalline
cellulose by producing cell-free enzymes. Cellulase consists of three active enzymes:
endoglucanase (endo-1,4-β-glucanase), exoglucanase (exo-1,4-β-glucanase), and
β-glucosidase. Endoglucanase produces shorter chains by breaking the long, crystalline glucose of cellulose at random places. Exoglucanase works on the exposed ends
of the shorter chains and progress through a series of releasing cellobiose and some
glucose. At the end of the degradation process, β-glucosidases wrap up the saccharification by producing soluble glucose compounds by breaking the cellobiose and
cellooligosaccharides (Rodrigues et al. 2010; Lynd et al. 2002; Harrison et al. 1998).
Figures 10.3 and 10.4 show the graphical explanation of enzyme activity from the
beginning to end adopted from (Juturu and Wu 2014; Doi and Kosugi 2004;
Desvaux 2005).
Cellulases become the most important enzymes that are used in many industries,
namely, detergent, pulp and paper, textiles and laundry, food and agricultural, fruit
and vegetable extraction, bioethanol production from biomass, alongside research
purposes. Thus, new, more specific, and stable enzymes are in increased demand
along with the screening and characterization of the novel isolates (Annamalai et al.
2013; Sohail et al. 2009; Dhillon et al. 2012). Biocatalysis is gaining the attraction of
10 Efficiency Analysis of Crude Versus Pure Cellulase in Industry
285
useful value-added chemicals. Biochemical conversion, such as fermentation in the
presence of microbes, is one of the conversion techniques, which needs depolymerization to attain these chemicals. Due to the use of inorganic acids during chemical
hydrolysis, furfurals are produced along with fermentable sugars that inhibit successive fermentation steps which require detoxification steps to remove these inhibitors
(Brodeur et al. 2011).
To improve energy security and to reduce the adverse effect of climate change,
the use of bioethanol has become a major issue nowadays. Current bioethanol
production is performed from sugars and processed starches obtained from different
fruits and grains. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable resource of
producing bioethanol since they contain cellulose and hemicelluloses which are
polymers of glucose. For this, they are continuously investigated of producing
ethanol despite of production cost and time (Sakai et al. 2007; Sheehan and Himmel
1999).
Due to the difficulty of degrading cellulosic biomass biochemically for its
complex and rigid structure, cellulose degrading enzymes have drawn the eyes of
researchers. By using these complex structure as a mean of energy source,
microorganisms eventually produce a complex enzyme system which is membrane
bond or extracellular in nature. These enzymes are termed as cellulases and of
hydrolase class. These enzymes are capable of degrading insoluble cellulose complex compounds in soluble oligosaccharides (Henrissat and Davies 1997). Cellulase
converts the lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol, single cell protein, glucose, and
other useful products through bioconversion by hydrolyzing (1–4) in cellulose
(Chalal 1985). These enzymes are mainly generated by fungi, ruminants, insects,
and plants from insects, plants, and microorganisms.
Although several species of fungi aid in producing cellulase, in terms of the
quantity of production, only a few of these fungi are able to degrade the crystalline
cellulose by producing cell-free enzymes. Cellulase consists of three active enzymes:
endoglucanase (endo-1,4-β-glucanase), exoglucanase (exo-1,4-β-glucanase), and
β-glucosidase. Endoglucanase produces shorter chains by breaking the long, crystalline glucose of cellulose at random places. Exoglucanase works on the exposed ends
of the shorter chains and progress through a series of releasing cellobiose and some
glucose. At the end of the degradation process, β-glucosidases wrap up the saccharification by producing soluble glucose compounds by breaking the cellobiose and
cellooligosaccharides (Rodrigues et al. 2010; Lynd et al. 2002; Harrison et al. 1998).
Figures 10.3 and 10.4 show the graphical explanation of enzyme activity from the
beginning to end adopted from (Juturu and Wu 2014; Doi and Kosugi 2004;
Desvaux 2005).
Cellulases become the most important enzymes that are used in many industries,
namely, detergent, pulp and paper, textiles and laundry, food and agricultural, fruit
and vegetable extraction, bioethanol production from biomass, alongside research
purposes. Thus, new, more specific, and stable enzymes are in increased demand
along with the screening and characterization of the novel isolates (Annamalai et al.
2013; Sohail et al. 2009; Dhillon et al. 2012). Biocatalysis is gaining the attraction of
10 Efficiency Analysis of Crude Versus Pure Cellulase in Industry
285