8.4.4.3 Milking
A more recent technique developed for oil extraction is the process of milking
which consists of direct extraction of oil from the live cells with the help of various
organic solvents, provided these are not toxic to microalgal cells (Rashid et al.
2014; Jackson et al. 2017).
8.4.4.4 Microwave-Assisted Organic Solvent Extraction
Electromagnetic radiations of a specific frequency are used to heat the cells, resulting
in an increased internal pressure. This leads to rupturing of the cell and subsequent
release of all the cellular constituents. Hence, the lipids get diffused into the organic
solvent by this combined method of microwaves and organic solvents (Sostaric et al.
2012; Bahadar and Khan 2013).
8.5
Techniques Implemented for the Conversion of Algal
Feedstock to Biofuel
Thermochemical and biochemical methods are the two categories for the conversion
of algal feedstock to biofuel (Fig. 8.6). The type of conversion process to be utilized
relies on the quantity of the algal biomass, type of the biomass feedstock, economic
aspects, and desired purity of the end products (McKendry 2002a; Brennan and
Owende 2010).
8.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion
Microalgae serve as a promising feedstock for producing various carbon-neutral
fuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen, due to the presence of
Fig. 8.6 Representation of various methods used for the conversion of biomass to biofuel
218
K. Agrawal et al.
A more recent technique developed for oil extraction is the process of milking
which consists of direct extraction of oil from the live cells with the help of various
organic solvents, provided these are not toxic to microalgal cells (Rashid et al.
2014; Jackson et al. 2017).
8.4.4.4 Microwave-Assisted Organic Solvent Extraction
Electromagnetic radiations of a specific frequency are used to heat the cells, resulting
in an increased internal pressure. This leads to rupturing of the cell and subsequent
release of all the cellular constituents. Hence, the lipids get diffused into the organic
solvent by this combined method of microwaves and organic solvents (Sostaric et al.
2012; Bahadar and Khan 2013).
8.5
Techniques Implemented for the Conversion of Algal
Feedstock to Biofuel
Thermochemical and biochemical methods are the two categories for the conversion
of algal feedstock to biofuel (Fig. 8.6). The type of conversion process to be utilized
relies on the quantity of the algal biomass, type of the biomass feedstock, economic
aspects, and desired purity of the end products (McKendry 2002a; Brennan and
Owende 2010).
8.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion
Microalgae serve as a promising feedstock for producing various carbon-neutral
fuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen, due to the presence of
Fig. 8.6 Representation of various methods used for the conversion of biomass to biofuel
218
K. Agrawal et al.